Formaldehyde as a potential human leukemogen: an assessment of biological plausibility.

abstract：:In recent years, many spatial epidemiological studies that use proximity of subjects to putative sources as a surrogate for exposure have been published and are increasingly cited as evidence of environmental problems requiring public health interventions. In these studies, the simple finding of a significant, positiv...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Berman DW,Cox LA Jr,Popken DA

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We examine how Bayesian network (BN) learning and analysis methods can help to meet several methodological challenges that arise in interpreting significant regression coefficients in exposure-response regression modeling. As a motivating example, we consider the challenge of interpreting positive regression coefficie...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Cox LA Jr

更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published a monograph concluding there was strong evidence for genotoxicity of glyphosate and glyphosate formulations and moderate evidence for genotoxicity of the metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). These conclusions contradicted earlier extens...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Brusick D,Aardema M,Kier L,Kirkland D,Williams G

更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mycotoxin problems are one of great concern to health scientists. Toxic fungal metabolites such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone and others are contaminated in our environments and induce various diseases. In this manuscript, the author will summarize the recent advances on toxicology of mycotoxins in specia...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Ueno Y

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A qualitative review of the epidemiological literature on the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and health after 2001 is presented. In order to compare the exposure of the general population, bystanders and occupational groups, their urinary levels were also reviewed. In the general population, 2,4-D ex...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Burns CJ,Swaen GM

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hydroquinone (HQ) is a high-volume commodity chemical used as a reducing agent, antioxidant, polymerization inhibitor, and chemical intermediate. It is also used in over-the-counter (OTC) drugs as an ingredient in skin lighteners and is a natural ingredient in many plant-derived products, including vegetables, fruits,...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： DeCaprio AP

更新日期：1999-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The critical review of the literature cited on pharmacology, toxicology, metabolism, and safety assessment clearly demonstrates that cocoa per se has not attracted a great deal of scientific interest because of its long-term usage with no reported adverse effects that would be injurious to man. On the other hand, a gr...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Tarka SM Jr

更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article explores the occurrence of U-shaped dose responses induced by neuroprotective agents in animal stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) screening/preclinical studies. The assessment was stimulated by suggestions that U-shaped dose responses may be common for neuroprotective agents in stroke and TBI models,...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Calabrese EJ

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the late 1960s the artificial sweetener cyclamate was implicated as a bladder carcinogen in rats. This finding and other concerns about its safety ultimately led to a ban on cyclamate in the U.S. and restrictions on its use in many other countries. Since that time, the carcinogenic potential of cyclamate and cycloh...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Bopp BA,Sonders RC,Kesterson JW

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An earlier review of the toxicity of glyphosate and the original Roundup™-branded formulation concluded that neither glyphosate nor the formulation poses a risk for the production of heritable/somatic mutations in humans. The present review of subsequent genotoxicity publications and regulatory studies of glyphosate a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Kier LD,Kirkland DJ

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The weight of the evidence from metabolic studies, short-term tests, animal bioassays, and epidemiological studies indicates that cyclamate (CHS) is not carcinogenic by itself; however, there is evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies in animals that implies it may have cancer-promoting or cocarcinogenic activity. ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Ahmed FE,Thomas DB

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The incidence rates of a wide range of diseases and conditions have increased over the last decades. There is controversy over the origin of these increases, whether they are caused by exposure to compounds thought to have an effect on the endocrine system, the "endocrine disruption theory", or whether some other fact...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Swaen GMH,Boffetta P,Zeegers M

更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Styrene is metabolized to styrene oxide, a direct-acting mutagen and carcinogen. Styrene oxide reacts with DNA mainly at the N-7 position in guanine, but also at other sites and with other bases. Substitution occurs at both the alpha- and beta-positions of the styrene molecule. Experiments with radiolabeled styrene an...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Phillips DH,Farmer PB

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Little consistency exists in the methodology for toxicological testing of aerosolized nanoparticles used in in vitro, air-interfaced culture (AIC) exposure systems for engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) risk-assessment, preventing inter-laboratory comparisons to identify dose thresholds for adverse effects. These inconsi...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Secondo LE,Liu NJ,Lewinski NA

更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently concluded that there is likely to be a causal relationship between short-term (< 30 days) ozone exposure and cardiovascular (CV) effects; however, biological mechanisms to link transient effects with chronic cardiovascular disease (CVD) have not been established. S...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Goodman JE,Prueitt RL,Sax SN,Pizzurro DM,Lynch HN,Zu K,Venditti FJ

更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Exposure to combustion-derived particles, quartz and asbestos is associated with increased levels of oxidized and mutagenic DNA lesions. The aim of this survey was to critically assess the measurements of oxidatively damaged DNA as marker of particle-induced genotoxicity in animal tissues. Publications based on non-op...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Møller P,Danielsen PH,Jantzen K,Roursgaard M,Loft S

更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The insecticide diflubenzuron (DFB) is commonly used in various mid-Atlantic states for suppression of gypsy moths in hardwood forests. DFB is potentially toxic to nontarget biota because it can enter aquatic systems through aerial application or runoff after precipitation events. Based on this concern, the objectives...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Fischer SA,Hall LW Jr

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Histamine poisoning can result from the ingestion of food containing unusually high levels of histamine. Fish are most commonly involved in incidents of histamine poisoning, although cheese has also been implicated on occasion. The historic involvement of tuna and mackerel in histamine poisoning led to the longtime us...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Taylor SL

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review, an overview is presented of the current knowledge of genetic polymorphisms of four of the most important enzyme families involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, that is, the N-acetyltransferase (NAT), cytochrome P450 (P450), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) enz...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Wormhoudt LW,Commandeur JN,Vermeulen NP

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aerobic organisms by definition require oxygen, and the importance of iron in aerobic respiration has long been recognized, but despite their beneficial roles, these elements can pose a real threat to the organism. During oxygen reduction, reactive species such as O2-. and H2O2 are formed readily. Iron can combine wit...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Horton AA,Fairhurst S

更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Perhaps no other topic in risk analysis is more difficult, more controversial, or more important to risk management policy analysts and decision-makers than how to draw valid, correctly qualified causal conclusions from observational data. Statistical methods can readily quantify associations between observed variable...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Cox LA Jr

更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A nomenclature for tumors of the mouse hematopoietic system is proposed. This nomenclature, which will be particularly appropriate for use in safety assessment studies, employs basic cytologic terminology, and subclassifications may take into consideration tissue sites and the presence or absence of leukemia. Analysis...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Wogan GN

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As long as no effective malaria vaccine is available, chemotherapy belongs to the most important weapons fighting malaria. One of the most promising new drug developments is the sesquiterpene artemisinin (ARS) and its derivatives, e.g., artemether, arteether, and sodium artesunate. Large clinical studies and meta-anal...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Efferth T,Kaina B

更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two important challenges for inhalation toxicologists involve the elucidation of mechanisms of lung toxicity caused by inhalation of chemicals or particulate materials, as well as the extrapolation of animal data to humans. Because risk estimates of toxicity generally are dependent upon experimental data for which a v...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Warheit DB

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The potential carcinogenicity of beryllium has been a topic of study since the mid-1940s. Since then, numerous scientific and regulatory bodies have assigned beryllium to various categories with respect to its carcinogenicity. Past epidemiologic and animal studies, however, have been marked with notable methodological...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hollins DM,McKinley MA,Williams C,Wiman A,Fillos D,Chapman PS,Madl AK

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lipophilic persistent environmental chemicals (LPECs) have the potential to accumulate within a woman's body lipids over the course of many years prior to pregnancy, to partition into human milk, and to transfer to infants upon breastfeeding. As a result of this accumulation and partitioning, a breastfeeding infant's ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Lehmann GM,Verner MA,Luukinen B,Henning C,Assimon SA,LaKind JS,McLanahan ED,Phillips LJ,Davis MH,Powers CM,Hines EP,Haddad S,Longnecker MP,Poulsen MT,Farrer DG,Marchitti SA,Tan YM,Swartout JC,Sagiv SK,Welsh C,Camp

更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Examination of the eye in experiments designed to test the toxicity of drugs or chemicals is of considerable importance and the investigator must have a clear idea of the spontaneous eye changes he can expect in the test species. We have attempted to review the literature relating to commonly used laboratory animals--...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Taradach C,Greaves P

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Quantitative weight of evidence (QWoE) provides a framework and process for evaluating different toxicological studies based on quality and relevance of the results. This framework allows for data from these studies to be combined in separate lines of evidence to address causality, and relevance to environmental risks...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hanson ML,Solomon KR,Van Der Kraak GJ,Brian RA

更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although animal models cannot exactly replicate human psychiatric disorders, they may be useful to investigate whether the behaviors associated with certain exposures in animals parallel those observed in people. According to the most current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, autism...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Williams AL,DeSesso JM

更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Abstract Glyphosate, an herbicidal derivative of the amino acid glycine, was introduced to agriculture in the 1970s. Glyphosate targets and blocks a plant metabolic pathway not found in animals, the shikimate pathway, required for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants. After almost forty years of commercial ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Greim H,Saltmiras D,Mostert V,Strupp C

更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00