Abstract:
:The weight of the evidence from metabolic studies, short-term tests, animal bioassays, and epidemiological studies indicates that cyclamate (CHS) is not carcinogenic by itself; however, there is evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies in animals that implies it may have cancer-promoting or cocarcinogenic activity. Epidemiological studies indicate that the use of nonnutritive sweeteners (CHS and saccharin) has not resulted in a measurable overall increase in the risk of bladder cancer in individuals who have ever used these products. No epidemiological information exists on the possible associations of these sweeteners and cancers other than those of the urinary tract. It is recommended that (1) no further studies on the metabolism of CHS to evaluate its carcinogenicity are required since no potentially hazardous metabolites have been appreciably detected in humans; (2) no further animal bioassays to test for the carcinogenicity of CHS by itself are necessary; (3) the studies in rodents that suggest a promotional or cocarcinogenic effect of CHS should be repeated because they cannot be ruled out; (4) because the significance to human health of a positive outcome of such studies is uncertain, additional research aimed at understanding the predictive value for human health of such results and more generic studies to develop well-validated systems that can be relied on in the assessment of cancer-promoting agents are recommended; (5) in populations where CHS continues to be used, epidemiological monitoring should be continued to determine whether there is an increased risk of cancer in humans who are heavy or long-term users or for those observed long after first exposure. In such monitoring, other cancer sites--in addition to the bladder--should be considered.
journal_name
Crit Rev Toxicoljournal_title
Critical reviews in toxicologyauthors
Ahmed FE,Thomas DBdoi
10.3109/10408449209146307keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1992-01-01 00:00:00pages
81-118issue
2eissn
1040-8444issn
1547-6898journal_volume
22pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::In the first half of the twentieth century epidemiologic evidence linked elevated incidences of pulmonary fibrosis and cancer with inhalation of chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos, a family of naturally occurring inorganic fibrous materials. As the serpentine and amphibole forms of asbestos were phased out, synthetic...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/20014091111965
更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article characterizes the occurrence of biphasic dose responses by adenosine and its stable analogs in numerous systems, including the respiratory tract, kidney, cardiovascular system, and brain. Considerable mechanistic research on various systems explored and clarified the interactions of the A-1 and A-2 recept...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/20014091111811
更新日期:2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 1996, the US Environmental Protection Agency was given a mandate by Congress to develop a screening program that would evaluate whether variously identified compounds could affect human health by mimicking or interfering with normal endocrine regulatory functions. Toward this end, the Agency chartered the Endocrine...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408440091159185
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A high intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of cancer. In this context, considerable attention is paid to Asian populations who consume high amounts of soy and soy-derived isoflavones, and have a lower risk for several cancer types such as breast and prostate cancers than populations in West...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2010.541900
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuroexcitatory symptoms of acute poisoning of vertebrates by pyrethroids are related to the ability of these insecticides to modify electrical activity in various parts of the nervous system. Repetitive nerve activity, particularly in the sensory nervous system, membrane depolarization, and enhanced neurotransmitter ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408449009089875
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We examine how Bayesian network (BN) learning and analysis methods can help to meet several methodological challenges that arise in interpreting significant regression coefficients in exposure-response regression modeling. As a motivating example, we consider the challenge of interpreting positive regression coefficie...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408444.2020.1787329
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::trans-Resveratrol, a polyphenolic stilbene of plant origin is structurally similar to natural and synthetic estrogens and has been classified a phytoestrogen. Direct binding of resveratrol to the nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) and modulation of its genomic activity was among the first of its reported pharmacological a...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408444.2020.1762538
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 2004) recently reevaluated the epidemiological data on formaldehyde and concluded that there was "strong but not sufficient evidence for a causal association between leukaemia and occupational exposure to formaldehyde." This conclusion was tempered since a mechani...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408440500533208
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cellular stress response protects organisms from damage resulting from exposure to a wide variety of stressors, including elevated temperatures, ultraviolet (UV) light, trace metals, and xenobiotics. The stress response entails the rapid synthesis of a suite of proteins referred to as stress proteins, or heat-shoc...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408449309104074
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The insecticide diflubenzuron (DFB) is commonly used in various mid-Atlantic states for suppression of gypsy moths in hardwood forests. DFB is potentially toxic to nontarget biota because it can enter aquatic systems through aerial application or runoff after precipitation events. Based on this concern, the objectives...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408449209145321
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in our environment and can cause cancer. Exposure to PAHs can be assessed by protein adduct dosimetry using benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) as a model compound. We present an overview of analytical methods to detect B[a]P- derived protein adducts in humans, their uses in e...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408440903283633
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aerobic organisms by definition require oxygen, and the importance of iron in aerobic respiration has long been recognized, but despite their beneficial roles, these elements can pose a real threat to the organism. During oxygen reduction, reactive species such as O2-. and H2O2 are formed readily. Iron can combine wit...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408448709089856
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently concluded that there is likely to be a causal relationship between short-term (< 30 days) ozone exposure and cardiovascular (CV) effects; however, biological mechanisms to link transient effects with chronic cardiovascular disease (CVD) have not been established. S...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2015.1031371
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dr. Edward Calabrese asserts that hormetic responses occur in neural systems, and provides ample review of evidence to support this claim. In this essay, we survey Dr. Calabrese's findings, illustrate the somewhat provocative premise of hormesis, and posit that while evidence suggests that amplification of low-dose ef...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10408440802026356
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quantitation of morphological changes in the nervous system is valuable for demonstrating different regions and cell types involved in a pathological process. Quantitative anatomical studies are numerous, whereas quantitations of pathological conditions are relatively few. This seems to be due partly to technical diff...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408448209037456
更新日期:1982-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacterial systems have long been of use in toxicology. In addition to providing general models of enzymes and paradigms for biochemistry and molecular biology, they have been adapted to practical genotoxicity assays. More recently, bacteria also have been used in the production of mammalian enzymes of relevance to tox...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408449609037477
更新日期:1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In order to minimize risks to human and environmental health, chemical safety assessment programs are being reinforced with toxicity tests more specifically designed for detecting endocrine disrupters. This includes the necessity to detect thyroid-disrupting chemicals, which may operate through a variety of modes of a...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2010.494250
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Examination of the eye in experiments designed to test the toxicity of drugs or chemicals is of considerable importance and the investigator must have a clear idea of the spontaneous eye changes he can expect in the test species. We have attempted to review the literature relating to commonly used laboratory animals--...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408448409023759
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Perhaps no other topic in risk analysis is more difficult, more controversial, or more important to risk management policy analysts and decision-makers than how to draw valid, correctly qualified causal conclusions from observational data. Statistical methods can readily quantify associations between observed variable...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10408444.2018.1518404
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mycotoxin problems are one of great concern to health scientists. Toxic fungal metabolites such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone and others are contaminated in our environments and induce various diseases. In this manuscript, the author will summarize the recent advances on toxicology of mycotoxins in specia...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408448509089851
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Benchmark dose (BMD) modeling is now the state of the science for determining the point of departure for risk assessment. Key advantages include the fact that the modeling takes account of all of the data for a particular effect from a particular experiment, increased consistency, and better accounting for statistical...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408444.2018.1430121
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Abstract Glyphosate, an herbicidal derivative of the amino acid glycine, was introduced to agriculture in the 1970s. Glyphosate targets and blocks a plant metabolic pathway not found in animals, the shikimate pathway, required for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants. After almost forty years of commercial ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2014.1003423
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this review, an overview is presented of the current knowledge of genetic polymorphisms of four of the most important enzyme families involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, that is, the N-acetyltransferase (NAT), cytochrome P450 (P450), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) enz...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408449991349186
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The potential carcinogenicity of beryllium has been a topic of study since the mid-1940s. Since then, numerous scientific and regulatory bodies have assigned beryllium to various categories with respect to its carcinogenicity. Past epidemiologic and animal studies, however, have been marked with notable methodological...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408440902837967
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::As long as no effective malaria vaccine is available, chemotherapy belongs to the most important weapons fighting malaria. One of the most promising new drug developments is the sesquiterpene artemisinin (ARS) and its derivatives, e.g., artemether, arteether, and sodium artesunate. Large clinical studies and meta-anal...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408441003610571
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Due to the rapid development of a diverse array of nanoparticles, used in a wide variety of products, there are now many international activities to assess the potential toxicity of these materials. These particles are developed due to properties such as catalytic reactivity, high surface area, light emission properti...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408440903120975
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::When assessing cancer hazard and risk associated with a complex petroleum substance, like bitumen emissions, there are often conflicting results related to human, animal and mechanistic studies. Validation of the complex composition to assure that it matches real-world exposures and control of confounders are pivotal ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408444.2017.1391170
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in the environment and are widely used in medical science (e.g. bioimaging, diagnosis, and drug therapy delivery). Due to unique physicochemical properties, they are able to cross many barriers, which is not possible for traditional drugs. Nevertheless, exposure to NPs and their following ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408444.2020.1719974
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quantitative weight of evidence (QWoE) provides a framework and process for evaluating different toxicological studies based on quality and relevance of the results. This framework allows for data from these studies to be combined in separate lines of evidence to address causality, and relevance to environmental risks...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408444.2019.1701985
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exposure to combustion-derived particles, quartz and asbestos is associated with increased levels of oxidized and mutagenic DNA lesions. The aim of this survey was to critically assess the measurements of oxidatively damaged DNA as marker of particle-induced genotoxicity in animal tissues. Publications based on non-op...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2012.756456
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00