Oxidatively damaged DNA in animals exposed to particles.

abstract：:Saturation diving is performed under extreme environmental conditions. The divers are confined to a limited space for several weeks under high environmental pressure and elevated oxygen partial pressure. At present, divers are protected against chemical exposure by standard exposure limits only adjusted for the increa...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Djurhuus R,Nossum V,Øvrebø S,Skaug V

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Potential chronic health risks for children and prospective parents exposed to ethylbenzene were evaluated in response to the Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program. Ethylbenzene exposure was found to be predominately via inhalation with recent data demonstrating continuing decreases in releases and both out...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Sweeney LM,Kester JE,Kirman CR,Gentry PR,Banton MI,Bus JS,Gargas ML

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The critical review of the literature cited on pharmacology, toxicology, metabolism, and safety assessment clearly demonstrates that cocoa per se has not attracted a great deal of scientific interest because of its long-term usage with no reported adverse effects that would be injurious to man. On the other hand, a gr...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Tarka SM Jr

更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is ubiquitous in most regions of the world. The most commonly studied PFASs are perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). Animal studies indicate that maternal PFAS exposure is associated with reduced fetal growth. Howeve...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Bach CC,Bech BH,Brix N,Nohr EA,Bonde JP,Henriksen TB

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Benchmark dose (BMD) modeling is now the state of the science for determining the point of departure for risk assessment. Key advantages include the fact that the modeling takes account of all of the data for a particular effect from a particular experiment, increased consistency, and better accounting for statistical...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Haber LT,Dourson ML,Allen BC,Hertzberg RC,Parker A,Vincent MJ,Maier A,Boobis AR

更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The pharmacokinetic basis for the design of toxicity tests is discussed with reference to the absorption and clearance of drugs. The absorption and clearance of a wide range of drugs by laboratory animals and man has been examined and reviewed to provide a firm basis against which new drugs can be compared. Some pitfa...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Clark B,Smith DA

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Valproic acid (VPA) has long been known to cause spina bifida, a neural tube defect, and other effects in fetuses of women treated with this drug. Toxicological tests in laboratory mice and rats at human therapeutic doses also show neural tube and other defects. Studies show that VPA alters Wnt signaling in human and ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Wiltse J

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When assessing cancer hazard and risk associated with a complex petroleum substance, like bitumen emissions, there are often conflicting results related to human, animal and mechanistic studies. Validation of the complex composition to assure that it matches real-world exposures and control of confounders are pivotal ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Kriech AJ,Schreiner CA,Osborn LV,Riley AJ

更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Abstract Glyphosate, an herbicidal derivative of the amino acid glycine, was introduced to agriculture in the 1970s. Glyphosate targets and blocks a plant metabolic pathway not found in animals, the shikimate pathway, required for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants. After almost forty years of commercial ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Greim H,Saltmiras D,Mostert V,Strupp C

更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aerobic organisms by definition require oxygen, and the importance of iron in aerobic respiration has long been recognized, but despite their beneficial roles, these elements can pose a real threat to the organism. During oxygen reduction, reactive species such as O2-. and H2O2 are formed readily. Iron can combine wit...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Horton AA,Fairhurst S

更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dr. Edward Calabrese asserts that hormetic responses occur in neural systems, and provides ample review of evidence to support this claim. In this essay, we survey Dr. Calabrese's findings, illustrate the somewhat provocative premise of hormesis, and posit that while evidence suggests that amplification of low-dose ef...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Giordano J,Ives JA,Jonas WB

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is an iatrogenic scleroderma-like fibrosing systemic disorder occurring in patients with severe or end-stage renal disease. It was established as a new clinical entity in the year 2000. A causal role for gadolinium chelates (GC), widely used as contrast agents for magnetic resonance...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Idée JM,Fretellier N,Robic C,Corot C

更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Biodiesel fuels are alternatives to petrodiesel, especially in the transport sector where they have lower carbon footprint. Notwithstanding the environmental benefit, biodiesel fuels may have other toxicological properties than petrodiesel. Particulate matter (PM) from petrodiesel causes cancer in the lung as a conseq...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Møller P,Scholten RH,Roursgaard M,Krais AM

更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cellular stress response protects organisms from damage resulting from exposure to a wide variety of stressors, including elevated temperatures, ultraviolet (UV) light, trace metals, and xenobiotics. The stress response entails the rapid synthesis of a suite of proteins referred to as stress proteins, or heat-shoc...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Sanders BM

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article explores the occurrence of U-shaped dose responses induced by neuroprotective agents in animal stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) screening/preclinical studies. The assessment was stimulated by suggestions that U-shaped dose responses may be common for neuroprotective agents in stroke and TBI models,...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Calabrese EJ

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The potential carcinogenicity of beryllium has been a topic of study since the mid-1940s. Since then, numerous scientific and regulatory bodies have assigned beryllium to various categories with respect to its carcinogenicity. Past epidemiologic and animal studies, however, have been marked with notable methodological...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hollins DM,McKinley MA,Williams C,Wiman A,Fillos D,Chapman PS,Madl AK

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Perhaps no other topic in risk analysis is more difficult, more controversial, or more important to risk management policy analysts and decision-makers than how to draw valid, correctly qualified causal conclusions from observational data. Statistical methods can readily quantify associations between observed variable...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Cox LA Jr

更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in our environment and can cause cancer. Exposure to PAHs can be assessed by protein adduct dosimetry using benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) as a model compound. We present an overview of analytical methods to detect B[a]P- derived protein adducts in humans, their uses in e...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Käfferlein HU,Marczynski B,Mensing T,Brüning T

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There is controversy on whether occupational exposure to beryllium causes lung cancer. We conducted a systematic review of epidemiologic studies on cancer among workers exposed to beryllium, including a study of seven U.S. production plants which has been recently updated, a study of patients with beryllium disease (l...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Boffetta P,Fryzek JP,Mandel JS

更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hydroquinone (HQ) is a high-volume commodity chemical used as a reducing agent, antioxidant, polymerization inhibitor, and chemical intermediate. It is also used in over-the-counter (OTC) drugs as an ingredient in skin lighteners and is a natural ingredient in many plant-derived products, including vegetables, fruits,...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： DeCaprio AP

更新日期：1999-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In 1996, the US Environmental Protection Agency was given a mandate by Congress to develop a screening program that would evaluate whether variously identified compounds could affect human health by mimicking or interfering with normal endocrine regulatory functions. Toward this end, the Agency chartered the Endocrine...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Goldman JM,Laws SC,Balchak SK,Cooper RL,Kavlock RJ

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The IPCS Human Relevance Framework was evaluated for a DNA-reactive (genotoxic) carcinogen, 4-aminobiphenyl, based on a wealth of data in animals and humans. The mode of action involves metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation, followed by N-esterification leading to the formation of a reactive electrophile, which bind...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Cohen SM,Boobis AR,Meek ME,Preston RJ,McGregor DB

更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An earlier review of the toxicity of glyphosate and the original Roundup™-branded formulation concluded that neither glyphosate nor the formulation poses a risk for the production of heritable/somatic mutations in humans. The present review of subsequent genotoxicity publications and regulatory studies of glyphosate a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Kier LD,Kirkland DJ

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently concluded that there is likely to be a causal relationship between short-term (< 30 days) ozone exposure and cardiovascular (CV) effects; however, biological mechanisms to link transient effects with chronic cardiovascular disease (CVD) have not been established. S...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Goodman JE,Prueitt RL,Sax SN,Pizzurro DM,Lynch HN,Zu K,Venditti FJ

更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As long as no effective malaria vaccine is available, chemotherapy belongs to the most important weapons fighting malaria. One of the most promising new drug developments is the sesquiterpene artemisinin (ARS) and its derivatives, e.g., artemether, arteether, and sodium artesunate. Large clinical studies and meta-anal...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Efferth T,Kaina B

更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A 1999 California state agency cancer potency (CP) evaluation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) assumed linear risk extrapolations from tumor data were plausible because of limited evidence that MTBE or its metabolites could damage DNA, and based such extrapolations on data from rat gavage and rat and mouse inhalation...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Bogen KT,Heilman JM

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the past 30 years, thousands of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) have been published for all sorts of chemicals acting on many forms of life or parts thereof (DNA, enzymes, organelles, etc.). Very little effort has been made to show the relationship among these equations. In this report, we ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hansch C,Telzer BR,Zhang L

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review, an overview is presented of the current knowledge of genetic polymorphisms of four of the most important enzyme families involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, that is, the N-acetyltransferase (NAT), cytochrome P450 (P450), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) enz...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Wormhoudt LW,Commandeur JN,Vermeulen NP

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Oral absorption efficiency is an important factor to consider in human risk assessment and varies widely between elements. Linking absorption efficiency to chemical properties facilitates the understanding of underlying processes and enables extrapolation across elements. In our study, oral absorption efficiency in hu...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Le TT,Hendriks AJ

更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We examine how Bayesian network (BN) learning and analysis methods can help to meet several methodological challenges that arise in interpreting significant regression coefficients in exposure-response regression modeling. As a motivating example, we consider the challenge of interpreting positive regression coefficie...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Cox LA Jr

更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00