Abstract:
:Two important challenges for inhalation toxicologists involve the elucidation of mechanisms of lung toxicity caused by inhalation of chemicals or particulate materials, as well as the extrapolation of animal data to humans. Because risk estimates of toxicity generally are dependent upon experimental data for which a variety of species are utilized, a fundamental knowledge of species similarities and differences in lung anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, cell biology, and corresponding disease processes is essential. In the present review, the known mechanisms of particle deposition and clearance among various species have been highlighted and related to structure/function relationships and pathogenetic responses to some selected inhaled toxicants. In the aggregate, there is remarkable homogeneity in form and function among the species. Morphologic aspects of the respiratory tract and lung defense mechanisms are qualitatively similar among species. On the other hand, quantitative differences between humans and experimental animals are known to exist with respect to deposition and mucociliary clearance of inhaled particulates, and these factors are likely to influence the dose that is delivered to specific target sites in the lung. It is interesting to consider that pathologic cellular events following asbestos, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide exposure are likely to occur at similar sites in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. In this respect, it has been demonstrated that the early lesions of asbestos-induced lung disease in both rats and humans are initiated at similar anatomical sites, i.e., the junctions of terminal airways and alveolar regions. PMs and complement-mediated mechanisms have been implicated in the development of asbestosis in rats; however, it remains to be determined whether complement activation plays an important role in human asbestosis, although pulmonary and interstitial macrophages clearly are associated with the fibrogenic process associated with this restrictive lung disease. The toxic pulmonary effects following ozone exposure have been well studied in rodents and nonhuman primates. It has been established that distal airway and alveolar epithelial cells are principal targets of oxidant pollutants, and this is well supported by dosimetry considerations, morphologic observations, and morphometric analyses. Chronic ozone exposure in rats and monkeys causes epithelial injury at the level of the terminal bronchiole and proximal alveolar regions of the lung.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
journal_name
Crit Rev Toxicoljournal_title
Critical reviews in toxicologyauthors
Warheit DBdoi
10.3109/10408448909037474subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1989-01-01 00:00:00pages
1-29issue
1eissn
1040-8444issn
1547-6898journal_volume
20pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::A qualitative review of the epidemiological literature on the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and health after 2001 is presented. In order to compare the exposure of the general population, bystanders and occupational groups, their urinary levels were also reviewed. In the general population, 2,4-D ex...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2012.710576
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Perhaps no other topic in risk analysis is more difficult, more controversial, or more important to risk management policy analysts and decision-makers than how to draw valid, correctly qualified causal conclusions from observational data. Statistical methods can readily quantify associations between observed variable...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10408444.2018.1518404
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Globally, oral cancer is one of the ten common cancers. In some parts of the world, including the Indian subcontinent, oral cancer is a major cancer problem. Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for oral cancer. The most common form of tobacco use, cigarette smoking, demonstrates a very high relative risk--in...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408449609017930
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Histamine poisoning can result from the ingestion of food containing unusually high levels of histamine. Fish are most commonly involved in incidents of histamine poisoning, although cheese has also been implicated on occasion. The historic involvement of tuna and mackerel in histamine poisoning led to the longtime us...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408448609023767
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Little consistency exists in the methodology for toxicological testing of aerosolized nanoparticles used in in vitro, air-interfaced culture (AIC) exposure systems for engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) risk-assessment, preventing inter-laboratory comparisons to identify dose thresholds for adverse effects. These inconsi...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10408444.2016.1223015
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biodiesel fuels are alternatives to petrodiesel, especially in the transport sector where they have lower carbon footprint. Notwithstanding the environmental benefit, biodiesel fuels may have other toxicological properties than petrodiesel. Particulate matter (PM) from petrodiesel causes cancer in the lung as a conseq...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408444.2020.1762541
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Abstract Glyphosate, an herbicidal derivative of the amino acid glycine, was introduced to agriculture in the 1970s. Glyphosate targets and blocks a plant metabolic pathway not found in animals, the shikimate pathway, required for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants. After almost forty years of commercial ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2014.1003423
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in the environment and are widely used in medical science (e.g. bioimaging, diagnosis, and drug therapy delivery). Due to unique physicochemical properties, they are able to cross many barriers, which is not possible for traditional drugs. Nevertheless, exposure to NPs and their following ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408444.2020.1719974
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is ubiquitous in most regions of the world. The most commonly studied PFASs are perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). Animal studies indicate that maternal PFAS exposure is associated with reduced fetal growth. Howeve...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2014.952400
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently concluded that there is likely to be a causal relationship between short-term (< 30 days) ozone exposure and cardiovascular (CV) effects; however, biological mechanisms to link transient effects with chronic cardiovascular disease (CVD) have not been established. S...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2015.1031371
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chemical DNA interaction and its processing can now be studied at the level of specific genomic regions. Such investigations have revealed important new information about the molecular biology of the cellular responses to genomic insult and especially of the repair processes. They also have demonstrated that both the ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408449409017921
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is an iatrogenic scleroderma-like fibrosing systemic disorder occurring in patients with severe or end-stage renal disease. It was established as a new clinical entity in the year 2000. A causal role for gadolinium chelates (GC), widely used as contrast agents for magnetic resonance...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2014.955568
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::trans-Resveratrol, a polyphenolic stilbene of plant origin is structurally similar to natural and synthetic estrogens and has been classified a phytoestrogen. Direct binding of resveratrol to the nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) and modulation of its genomic activity was among the first of its reported pharmacological a...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408444.2020.1762538
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lipophilic persistent environmental chemicals (LPECs) have the potential to accumulate within a woman's body lipids over the course of many years prior to pregnancy, to partition into human milk, and to transfer to infants upon breastfeeding. As a result of this accumulation and partitioning, a breastfeeding infant's ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2014.926306
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dr. Edward Calabrese asserts that hormetic responses occur in neural systems, and provides ample review of evidence to support this claim. In this essay, we survey Dr. Calabrese's findings, illustrate the somewhat provocative premise of hormesis, and posit that while evidence suggests that amplification of low-dose ef...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10408440802026356
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The heme biosynthetic pathway is closely controlled by levels of the end product of the pathway, namely, heme, and porphyrins are normally formed in only trace amounts. When control mechanisms are disturbed by xenobiotics, porphyrins accumulate and serve as a signal of the interaction between a xenobiotic and the heme...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408448509029323
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408449409021605
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rare adverse reactions to drugs that are of unknown etiology, or idiosyncratic reactions, can produce severe medical complications or even death in patients. Current hypotheses suggest that metabolic activation of a drug to a reactive intermediate is a necessary, yet insufficient, step in the generation of an idiosync...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408440590935620
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408448209037495
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2015.1046157
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The word "cannabinoid" refers to every chemical substance, regardless of structure or origin, that joins the cannabinoid receptors of the body and brain and that have similar effects to those produced by the Cannabis plant and based on their source of production, cannabinoids can be classified into endocannabinoids, p...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408444.2020.1762539
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408444.2020.1787329
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In order to minimize risks to human and environmental health, chemical safety assessment programs are being reinforced with toxicity tests more specifically designed for detecting endocrine disrupters. This includes the necessity to detect thyroid-disrupting chemicals, which may operate through a variety of modes of a...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2010.494250
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::As long as no effective malaria vaccine is available, chemotherapy belongs to the most important weapons fighting malaria. One of the most promising new drug developments is the sesquiterpene artemisinin (ARS) and its derivatives, e.g., artemether, arteether, and sodium artesunate. Large clinical studies and meta-anal...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408441003610571
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hydroquinone (HQ) is a high-volume commodity chemical used as a reducing agent, antioxidant, polymerization inhibitor, and chemical intermediate. It is also used in over-the-counter (OTC) drugs as an ingredient in skin lighteners and is a natural ingredient in many plant-derived products, including vegetables, fruits,...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408449991349221
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incidence rates of a wide range of diseases and conditions have increased over the last decades. There is controversy over the origin of these increases, whether they are caused by exposure to compounds thought to have an effect on the endocrine system, the "endocrine disruption theory", or whether some other fact...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408444.2018.1541073
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exposure biomarkers, which have long been restricted to the framework of occupational hygiene, currently arouse increasing interest in the field of environmental pollution. To assess their validity, we propose here a conceptual framework that is based on their intrinsic characteristics and on properties related to the...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408449991349195
更新日期:1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published a monograph concluding there was strong evidence for genotoxicity of glyphosate and glyphosate formulations and moderate evidence for genotoxicity of the metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). These conclusions contradicted earlier extens...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10408444.2016.1214680
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 2004) recently reevaluated the epidemiological data on formaldehyde and concluded that there was "strong but not sufficient evidence for a causal association between leukaemia and occupational exposure to formaldehyde." This conclusion was tempered since a mechani...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408440500533208
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We developed a population physiology model, physB, which provides a statistical description of the physiological characteristics in the human population, in terms of the physiological parameters that are needed in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling. The model predicts individual organ weights, blood flows...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2012.709225
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00