Mode of action: inhibition of histone deacetylase, altering WNT-dependent gene expression, and regulation of beta-catenin--developmental effects of valproic acid.

abstract：:Examination of the eye in experiments designed to test the toxicity of drugs or chemicals is of considerable importance and the investigator must have a clear idea of the spontaneous eye changes he can expect in the test species. We have attempted to review the literature relating to commonly used laboratory animals--...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Taradach C,Greaves P

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article is a comprehensive assessment of the quantitative features of the dose response for neuroprotective agents and their underlying mechanistic foundations. The data were derived from published studies using numerous primary neuronal cell cultures and neuronal cell lines. These biological models assessed norm...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Calabrese EJ

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article explores the occurrence of U-shaped dose responses induced by neuroprotective agents in animal stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) screening/preclinical studies. The assessment was stimulated by suggestions that U-shaped dose responses may be common for neuroprotective agents in stroke and TBI models,...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Calabrese EJ

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article provides a detailed assessment of the toxicological and pharmacological literature concerning alcohol-induced biphasic dose-response relationships. The assessment reveals that alcohol-induced hormetic-like dose-response relationships are commonly observed, highly generalizeable according to model and endp...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Calabrese EJ,Baldwin LA

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Peroxisome proliferators are a structurally diverse group of compounds that include the fibrate hypolipidemic drugs, the phthalate ester industrial plasticizers, the phenoxy acid herbicides, and the anti-wetting corrosion inhibitors perfluorinated straight-chain monocarboxylic fatty acids. Administration of these chem...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Youssef J,Badr M

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dr. Edward Calabrese asserts that hormetic responses occur in neural systems, and provides ample review of evidence to support this claim. In this essay, we survey Dr. Calabrese's findings, illustrate the somewhat provocative premise of hormesis, and posit that while evidence suggests that amplification of low-dose ef...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Giordano J,Ives JA,Jonas WB

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although animal models cannot exactly replicate human psychiatric disorders, they may be useful to investigate whether the behaviors associated with certain exposures in animals parallel those observed in people. According to the most current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, autism...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Williams AL,DeSesso JM

更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) poses a major challenge to the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies. It causes both drug attrition and post-approval withdrawal of drugs. DIC represents itself as an impaired secretion and flow of bile, leading to the pathological hepatic and/or systemic accumulation of bile a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Deferm N,De Vocht T,Qi B,Van Brantegem P,Gijbels E,Vinken M,de Witte P,Bouillon T,Annaert P

更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The field of toxicology is currently undergoing a global paradigm shift to use of in vitro approaches for assessing the risks of chemicals and drugs in a more mechanistic and high throughput manner than current approaches relying primarily on in vivo testing. However, reliance on in vitro data entails a number of new ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Yoon M,Campbell JL,Andersen ME,Clewell HJ

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chemical DNA interaction and its processing can now be studied at the level of specific genomic regions. Such investigations have revealed important new information about the molecular biology of the cellular responses to genomic insult and especially of the repair processes. They also have demonstrated that both the ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Wassermann K

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Saturation diving is performed under extreme environmental conditions. The divers are confined to a limited space for several weeks under high environmental pressure and elevated oxygen partial pressure. At present, divers are protected against chemical exposure by standard exposure limits only adjusted for the increa...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Djurhuus R,Nossum V,Øvrebø S,Skaug V

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Quantitative weight of evidence (QWoE) provides a framework and process for evaluating different toxicological studies based on quality and relevance of the results. This framework allows for data from these studies to be combined in separate lines of evidence to address causality, and relevance to environmental risks...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hanson ML,Solomon KR,Van Der Kraak GJ,Brian RA

更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the past 30 years, thousands of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) have been published for all sorts of chemicals acting on many forms of life or parts thereof (DNA, enzymes, organelles, etc.). Very little effort has been made to show the relationship among these equations. In this report, we ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hansch C,Telzer BR,Zhang L

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 2004) recently reevaluated the epidemiological data on formaldehyde and concluded that there was "strong but not sufficient evidence for a causal association between leukaemia and occupational exposure to formaldehyde." This conclusion was tempered since a mechani...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Golden R,Pyatt D,Shields PG

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A qualitative review of the epidemiological literature on the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and health after 2001 is presented. In order to compare the exposure of the general population, bystanders and occupational groups, their urinary levels were also reviewed. In the general population, 2,4-D ex...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Burns CJ,Swaen GM

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cellular stress response protects organisms from damage resulting from exposure to a wide variety of stressors, including elevated temperatures, ultraviolet (UV) light, trace metals, and xenobiotics. The stress response entails the rapid synthesis of a suite of proteins referred to as stress proteins, or heat-shoc...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Sanders BM

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Exposure to combustion-derived particles, quartz and asbestos is associated with increased levels of oxidized and mutagenic DNA lesions. The aim of this survey was to critically assess the measurements of oxidatively damaged DNA as marker of particle-induced genotoxicity in animal tissues. Publications based on non-op...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Møller P,Danielsen PH,Jantzen K,Roursgaard M,Loft S

更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Carrageenan is a high-molecular-weight, strongly anionic polymer derived from several species of red seaweed that is used for the textural stabilization of foods. Processed Eucheuma Seaweed (PES) is a form of carrageenan with a higher cellulose content. Food-grade carrageenan has a weight average molecular weight grea...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Cohen SM,Ito N

更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Globally, oral cancer is one of the ten common cancers. In some parts of the world, including the Indian subcontinent, oral cancer is a major cancer problem. Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for oral cancer. The most common form of tobacco use, cigarette smoking, demonstrates a very high relative risk--in...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Gupta PC,Murti PR,Bhonsle RB

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In order to minimize risks to human and environmental health, chemical safety assessment programs are being reinforced with toxicity tests more specifically designed for detecting endocrine disrupters. This includes the necessity to detect thyroid-disrupting chemicals, which may operate through a variety of modes of a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Pickford DB

更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The toxicological profiles of monopropylene glycol (MPG), dipropylene glycol (DPG), tripropylene glycol (TPG) and polypropylene glycols (PPG; including tetra-rich oligomers) are collectively reviewed, and assessed considering regulatory toxicology endpoints. The review confirms a rich data set for these compounds, cov...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Fowles JR,Banton MI,Pottenger LH

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review, an overview is presented of the current knowledge of genetic polymorphisms of four of the most important enzyme families involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, that is, the N-acetyltransferase (NAT), cytochrome P450 (P450), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) enz...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Wormhoudt LW,Commandeur JN,Vermeulen NP

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Abstract Glyphosate, an herbicidal derivative of the amino acid glycine, was introduced to agriculture in the 1970s. Glyphosate targets and blocks a plant metabolic pathway not found in animals, the shikimate pathway, required for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants. After almost forty years of commercial ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Greim H,Saltmiras D,Mostert V,Strupp C

更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Exposure biomarkers, which have long been restricted to the framework of occupational hygiene, currently arouse increasing interest in the field of environmental pollution. To assess their validity, we propose here a conceptual framework that is based on their intrinsic characteristics and on properties related to the...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Dor F,Dab W,Empereur-Bissonnet P,Zmirou D

更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the last few decades, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of proteinuria. A great variety of hemodynamic or biochemical mechanisms acting at different sites of the nephron have been shown to alter the renal handling and the urinary excretion of proteins....

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Bernard A,Lauwerys RR

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the first half of the twentieth century epidemiologic evidence linked elevated incidences of pulmonary fibrosis and cancer with inhalation of chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos, a family of naturally occurring inorganic fibrous materials. As the serpentine and amphibole forms of asbestos were phased out, synthetic...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Warheit DB,Hart GA,Hesterberg TW,Collins JJ,Dyer WM,Swaen GM,Castranova V,Soiefer AI,Kennedy GL Jr

更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The word "cannabinoid" refers to every chemical substance, regardless of structure or origin, that joins the cannabinoid receptors of the body and brain and that have similar effects to those produced by the Cannabis plant and based on their source of production, cannabinoids can be classified into endocannabinoids, p...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Alves VL,Gonçalves JL,Aguiar J,Teixeira HM,Câmara JS

更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Plant protection products (PPPs) and the active substance(s) contained within them are rigorously and comprehensively tested prior to registration to ensure that human health is not impacted by their use. In recent years, there has been a widespread drive to have more relevant testing strategies (e.g., ILSI/HESI-ACSA ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Terry C,Rasoulpour RJ,Saghir S,Marty S,Gollapudi BB,Billington R

更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Due to the rapid development of a diverse array of nanoparticles, used in a wide variety of products, there are now many international activities to assess the potential toxicity of these materials. These particles are developed due to properties such as catalytic reactivity, high surface area, light emission properti...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Stone V,Johnston H,Schins RP

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The potential carcinogenicity of beryllium has been a topic of study since the mid-1940s. Since then, numerous scientific and regulatory bodies have assigned beryllium to various categories with respect to its carcinogenicity. Past epidemiologic and animal studies, however, have been marked with notable methodological...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hollins DM,McKinley MA,Williams C,Wiman A,Fillos D,Chapman PS,Madl AK

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00