Abstract:
:Indirect exposure to waterborne viruses increases the risk of infection, especially among children with frequent hand-to-mouth contacts. Here, we quantified the transfer of one bacteriophage (MS2) and two enteric viruses (adenovirus and coxsackievirus) from liquid to skin. MS2, a commonly used enteric virus surrogate, was used to compare virus transfer rates in a volunteer trial to those obtained using human cadaver skin and synthetic skin. MS2 transfer to volunteer skin was similar to transfer to cadaver skin but significantly different from transfer to synthetic skin. The transfer of MS2, adenovirus, and coxsackievirus to cadaver skin was modeled using measurements for viruses attaching to the skin (adsorbed) and viruses in liquid residual on skin (unadsorbed). We find virus transfer per surface area is a function of the concentration of virus in the liquid and the film thickness of liquid retained on the skin and is estimable using a linear model. Notably, the amount of MS2 adsorbed on the skin was on average 5 times higher than the amount of adenovirus and 4 times higher than the amount of coxsackievirus. Quantification of pathogenic virus retention to skin would thus be overestimated using MS2 adsorption data. This study provides models of virus transfer useful for risk assessments of water-related activities, demonstrates significant differences in the transfer of pathogenic virus and MS2, and suggests cadaver skin as an alternative testing system for studying interactions between viruses and skin.IMPORTANCE Enteric viruses (viruses that infect the gastrointestinal tract) are responsible for most water-transmitted diseases. They are shed in high concentrations in the feces of infected individuals, persist for an extended period of time in water, and are highly infective. Exposure to contaminated water directly (through ingestion) or indirectly (for example, through hand-water contacts followed by hand-to-mouth contacts) increases the risk of virus transmission. The work described herein provides a quantitative model for estimating human-pathogenic virus retention on skin following contact with contaminated water. The work will be important in refining the contribution of indirect transmission of virus to risks associated with water-related activities.
journal_name
Appl Environ Microbioljournal_title
Applied and environmental microbiologyauthors
Pitol AK,Bischel HN,Boehm AB,Kohn T,Julian TRdoi
10.1128/AEM.01809-18subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-10-30 00:00:00issue
22eissn
0099-2240issn
1098-5336pii
AEM.01809-18journal_volume
84pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Of more than 400 bacteria isolated from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), 89 have previously been shown to inhibit the in vitro growth of the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of seven of these strains, as well as of intestinal isolates (four strains) from a c...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.58.2.551-556.1992
更新日期:1992-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This work describes the purification and characterization of propionicin F, the first bacteriocin isolated from Propionibacterium freudenreichii. The bacteriocin has a bactericidal activity and is only active against strains of P. freudenreichii. Propionicin F appears to be formed through a processing pathway new to b...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.70.12.7303-7310.2004
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides with substantial posttranslational modifications. They are characterized by the unique amino acids lanthionine and methyllanthionine, which are introduced by dehydration of Ser/Thr residues and linkage of the resulting dehydrated amino acids with Cys resi...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00299-15
更新日期:2015-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::The N-chloramine compound 3-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone (agent I) has been compared with calcium hypochlorite as to its efficacy as a bactericide for the treatment of water. The study included concentration, contact time, pH, temperature, and water quality as controlled variables. The species of bacteria teste...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.49.3.637-643.1985
更新日期:1985-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cry1-type genes of Bacillus thuringiensis represent the largest cry gene family, which contains 50 distinct holotypes. It is becoming more and more difficult to identify cry1-type genes using current methods because of the increasing number of cry1-type genes. In the present study, an improved PCR-restriction frag...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.01983-13
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Growth, survival, and pathogenicity of Klebsiella growing in and on environmental foci were examined. Total coliforms present in raw wastes from pulp mills were in excess of 10(5)/ml, and 60 to 80% were Klebsiella. Fecal coliform counts ranged from 10(1) to 10(5)/ml. Klebsiella isolates from industrial effluents and a...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.34.5.557-563.1977
更新日期:1977-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This research documents an effect of reactor turbulence on the ability of gram-negative wastewater biofilm bacteria to actively transport l-aspartate via a binding-protein-mediated transport system. Biofilms which were not preadapted to turbulence and which possessed two separate and distinct aspartate transport syste...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.50.1.120-124.1985
更新日期:1985-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A toluene-degrading sulfate-reducing bacterium, strain Tol2, was isolated from marine sediment under strictly anoxic conditions. Toluene was toxic if applied directly to the medium at concentrations higher than 0.5 mM. To provide toluene continuously at a nontoxic concentration, it was supplied in an inert hydrophobic...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.59.5.1444-1451.1993
更新日期:1993-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The formation of the important flavor compound 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3[2H]-furanone (HDMF; Furaneol) from D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by the yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii was studied with regard to the identification of intermediates present in the culture medium. Addition of o-phenylenediamine, a trapping reagent f...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.69.7.3911-3918.2003
更新日期:2003-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.42.6.985-992.1981
更新日期:1981-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Deletion of chromosomally inserted gene sequences from Clavibacter xyli subsp. cynodontis, a xylem-inhabiting endophyte, was studied in vitro and in planta. We found that nonreplicating plasmid pCG610, which conferred resistance to kanamycin and tetracycline and contained segments of C. xyli subsp. cynodontis genomic ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.57.12.3522-3528.1991
更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.67.12.5362-5369.2001
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.63.7.2821-2825.1997
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::When mixed ruminal bacteria were inoculated into semicontinuous cultures (25% transfer every other day) containing lactate, dulcitol, pectin, or xylose and Trypticase (1 g/liter) as the sole nitrogen source, the specific activity of ammonia production increased. The greatest enrichment was observed with lactate and xy...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.54.4.872-877.1988
更新日期:1988-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Escherichia coli is one of the most widely used host microorganisms for recombinant protein expression and metabolic engineering, but it cannot efficiently secrete recombinant proteins to extracellular space. Here, extracellular protein secretion was enhanced in E. coli by deleting two d,d-carboxypeptidase genes (dacA...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.01382-18
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.03280-14
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.64.9.3270-3274.1998
更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.62.1.41-46.1996
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.66.10.4345-4350.2000
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.66.5.1788-1795.2000
更新日期:2000-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.45.2.401-410.1983
更新日期:1983-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in a liquid medium was compared with that of human fecal flora and estuarine flora. No marked differences were noted between growth at 25 and 37 degrees C for V. parahaemolyticus. However, the marine organisms were strongly inhibited when incubated at 37 degrees C. Incubation for ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.46.5.1234-1235.1983
更新日期:1983-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Members of the genus Clavibacter are economically important bacterial plant pathogens infecting a set of diverse agricultural crops (e.g., alfalfa, corn, potato, tomato, and wheat). Tomato-associated Clavibacter sp. strains account for a great portion of the genetic diversity of the genus, and C. michiganensissensu st...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02873-19
更新日期:2020-03-02 00:00:00
abstract::We show that Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus PCP-I, a polychlorophenol degrader, also degrades various chlorine-substituted guaiacols (2-methoxyphenols) and syringols (2,6-dimethoxyphenols). The substrates investigated were tetrachloroguaiacol, 3,4,6- and 3,5,6-trichloroguaiacol, 3,5- and 3,6-dichloroguaiacol, trichloros...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.54.3.683-687.1988
更新日期:1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vibrio tubiashii is a recently reemerging pathogen of larval bivalve mollusks, causing both toxigenic and invasive disease. Marine Vibrio spp. produce an array of extracellular products as potential pathogenicity factors. Culture supernatants of V. tubiashii have been shown to be toxic to oyster larvae and were report...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00061-08
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The addition of positively charged colloidal materials to the growth medium markedly increased the concentration of cellulase enzymes produced by Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30. Filter paper activities of up to 4 and 13 IU/ml have been achieved by the addition of colloidal materials, using 3% lactose and 3% cellulose, res...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.49.4.934-938.1985
更新日期:1985-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::[This corrects the article on p. 4430 in vol. 63.]. ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two bacteriolytic enzymes were produced when Hartmanella glebae was grown in the presence of both Enterobacter aerogenes and Alcaligenes faecalis. The identification of enzyme I as N-acetylmuramidase was reported earlier. Enzyme II was purified by gel filtration on a Bio-Gel A column. A recovery of 68.76% with 72.3-fo...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.38.3.373-378.1979
更新日期:1979-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Commercial Atlantic blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) were exposed to 2.0x10(4) infectious waterborne oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum. The study demonstrated that blue crabs can transfer C. parvum oocysts to persons involved in handling or preparing crabs and that they may contaminate other surfaces or products durin...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00166-07
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cellular fatty acids of 10 strains of lactic acid bacteria were analyzed. The purpose of this work was to find lactic acid bacteria with high lactobacillic acid contents. The bacteria studied were unable to synthesize oleic acid. Some strains did not synthesize lactobacillic acid, although all were able to form dihydr...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.61.12.4497-4499.1995
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00