Abstract：
:Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related mental disorder which occurs following exposure to traumatic events. A number of brain neuroimaging studies have revealed that PTSD patients have reduced volume and abnormal functions in the hippocampus and the amygdala. However, the pathogenesis of abnormalities in certain brain regions, as induced by PTSD, remains unclear. Recent studies, using the single prolonged stress (SPS) model, an animal model of PTSD, have found that abnormal apoptosis in certain brain regions, including the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC); these areas are closely associated with emotion and cognition. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of apoptosis in SPS rats, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria pathways. For the ER pathway, three individual pathways: PERK, IRE1, and ATF6 showed different roles on apoptosis and neuroprotection. Three key factors are thought to be involved in the mitochondrial pathway and PTSD-induced apoptosis: corticosteroid receptors, apoptosis-related factors, and anti-apoptosis factors. We have investigated the role of these factors and have attempted to identify which factors of the pathways are more focused towards neuronal protection, and which are more direct towards apoptosis. We also discussed the role of autophagy and the specific differences between autophagy and apoptosis in SPS rats. Finally, we discussed emerging researches related to anti-apoptosis treatment, including PERK inhibitors, IRE1 inhibitors, and metformin; collectively, these were exciting, but limited, This review provides a summary of the current understanding of apoptosis in SPS rats and the potential anti-apoptosis treatment strategies for PTSD.
journal_name
Psychoneuroendocrinologyjournal_title
Psychoneuroendocrinologyauthors
Jia Y,Han Y,Wang X,Han Fdoi
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.015subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-09-01 00:00:00pages
97-105eissn
0306-4530issn
1873-3360pii
S0306-4530(18)30239-7journal_volume
95pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The neuropeptides thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and prolactin (PRL), which affect various behaviors in animals, showed "antidepressant" properties in an experimental model of depression. Subcutaneous administration of TRH reduced the total immobility time of rats tested in the despair (constrained swim) test and...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-4530(90)90060-m
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many behavioral studies have found high-estrogen phases of the menstrual cycle to be associated with enhanced left-hemisphere processing and low-estrogen phases to be associated with better right-hemisphere processing. This study examined the changing of hemispheric asymmetry during the menstrual cycle by analyzing ev...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.018
更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Prenatal stress (PS) contributes to depression-like behavior in the offspring. PDLIM5 is involved in the onset of mental disorders. This study is to investigate the role and mechanism of PDLIM5 in depression-like behavior of PS offspring rats. METHODS:PS model was used to analyze the effects of different tre...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104629
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The possible participation of the endogenous opioid system (EOS) in the negative feedback of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-a) activated by low doses (1 mg) of dexamethasone (Dex) was investigated. Ten male healthy subjects (mean age 31.5 +/- 1.9 SEM) were studied on 2 separate days, in a double-blind, c...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00002-x
更新日期：1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Remembering painful incidents has important adaptive value but may also contribute to clinical symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain states. Because glucocorticoids are known to impair memory retrieval processes, we investigated whether cortisol affects recall of previously experienced pain in hea...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.02.011
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Prior research has demonstrated that diazepam decreases hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex (HPA) axis activity in stressful contexts but, paradoxically, acts as a stimulator of basal axis activity. Also, several investigators have reported that low doses of diazepam are not effective in reducing stress-induced cort...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0306-4530(97)00026-7
更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Theoretical models posit that stressors contribute to the onset and maintenance of bipolar disorder in adolescence through disruptions in stress physiology, but physiological response to stressors has not been evaluated in adolescents with bipolar illness. The present study tests the hypothesis that adolescen...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.02.017
更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Laboratory experiments revealed the stress hormone cortisol to decrease memory retrieval of emotional material, but a translation to real-life settings is missing so far. In this study, 51 students encoded a list of neutral, positive, and negative words as well as two neutral, biographical notes one day before attenda...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.02.010
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Oxytocin is a neuropeptide associated with maternal behavior. However the mechanisms underlying this link remain unclear. In a previous study we observed an indirect effect of increased plasma oxytocin during late pregnancy on early postpartum maternal interactive behavior via theory of mind, as assessed by ...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.03.018
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The chronic psychological stress of caregiving leads to higher risks for many diseases. One of the mechanisms through which caregiving is associated with disease risk is chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation may accelerate cellular aging via telomere dysfunction and cell senescence, although this has not been exa...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.06.020
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity is thought to be an important factor in pathogenesis of depression. In animals, stress or glucocorticoids given in prenatal period lead to long-lasting behavioral and neuroendocrine changes similar to those observed in depressed patients. However, mol...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.12.012
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Male and female rats were segregated from birth (sexually isolated animals). Additional litters containing both male and female pups were kept as controls (mixed-housed animals). beta-FNA (5 mg/kg) or water was administered SC at day 0 or day 7 to isolated and mixed-housed animals. The development of mu-opioid recepto...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-4530(93)90016-e
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Amphetamine exposure impacts on innate and adaptive immunity and DRD3 may modulate the effect of amphetamine on the immune response. We assessed the immune-cytokine markers in 72 female patients with amphetamine dependence (AD) at baseline and after 4-week drug abstinence and in 51 healthy women. Multiplex magnetic be...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.06.023
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The main methodological issues that should be considered in studies of premenstrual changes are discussed. They include: the selection of well-defined groups of subjects who reflect the diversity of subtypes of premenstrual changes (PMC); the confirmation of retrospective reports through daily monitoring of changes by...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-4530(85)90036-8
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The normal diurnal cortisol cycle has a peak in the morning, decreasing rapidly over the day, with low levels during the night, then rising rapidly again to the morning peak. A pattern of flatter daytime slopes has been associated with more rapid cancer progression in both animals and humans. We studied the relationsh...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.09.004
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:For the measurement of salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) activity, saliva samples first have to be diluted. There is some evidence for instability, that is, a decline of sAA activity in diluted samples. It is not clear which factors during dilution may contribute to this phenomenon and how quickly this decline of sAA activ...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104847
更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in the regulation of the stress response, fear memory formation, and inflammatory processes. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can result from exposure to extreme stress and is characterized by strong, associative memories for the traumatic events experienced. Furtherm...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.02.010
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study tested the hypothesis that prenatal androgen levels influence hand preferences and language lateralization, two manifestations of neural asymmetry. Participants were individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH, a genetic disorder that results in excess adrenal androgen production beginning prenatal...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00145-8
更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sustained abnormalities of glucocorticoid levels have been associated with neuropsychiatric illnesses such as major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder. The pathophysiological effects of glucocorticoids may depend not only on the amount of glucocorticoid ...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.06.001
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The evolution of the autonomic nervous system provides an organizing principle to interpret the adaptive significance of mammalian affective processes including courting, sexual arousal, copulation, and the establishment of enduring social bonds. According to the Polyvagal Theory (Porges, 1995, 1996, 1997), the well-d...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00057-2
更新日期：1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:No inclusive or satisfactory biomedical explanation for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) has as yet been forwarded. Recent research suggests that a dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) may be contributory, and in particular that there may be diminished forward drive and adrenal under-stimulation. In th...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0306-4530(99)00028-1
更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability to predict the behavior of others based on their mental states is crucial for social functioning. Previous studies have provided evidence for the role of Oxytocin (OXT) in enhancing the ability to mentalize. It has also been demonstrated that the effect of OXT seems to strongly depend on socio-cognitive sk...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.12.015
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The measurement of bioavailable testosterone (BT) or free testosterone (FT) levels is currently considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of androgen deficiency in elderly men. While the impact of age on circulating testosterone levels (total, bioavailable and free) has been strongly documented, the exi...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.02.002
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Testosterone concentrations rise rapidly in the context of competitive interactions and remain elevated in winners relative to losers. Theoretical models suggest that this divergent neuroendocrine response serves to mediate future dominance behaviours. Although research in animal models provides compelling support for...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.03.008
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since hypnosis was popularly recognized in the nineteenth century, the phenomenon of hypnotizability has remained poorly understood. The capacity to increase hypnotizability has important implications because it may increase the number of people who can benefit from hypnotic interventions for psychological and medical...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.05.010
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the laboratory, prenatal stress produces alterations in the structure and function of corticolimbic neurons. Here we report changes in gene expression and corticolimbic dendritic spine morphology in the offspring of pregnant ewes subjected to aversive interactions with human handlers during the last five weeks of p...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.10.018
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The second generation antipsychotics clozapine and olanzapine are known to cause weight gain. However, only clozapine is associated with drug-induced fever. Cytokines have been linked to the induction of both weight gain and drug-induced fever. We investigated these potential side effects of clozapine and olanzapine a...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.016
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was conducted to clarify the role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) 2C receptor (5-HT2CR) signaling during novelty-induced hypophagia in aged mice. Male C57BL/6J mice [6-week-old (young) and 79-80-week-old (aged) mice] were exposed to a novel environment, and its effects on feeding behavior, stress h...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.03.014
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The current study examined intra-individual relationships between the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and state sleep-related and psychosocial variables in a pooled design study. 12 healthy female participants (age range: 22-41 years.) were examined on 12 study days each, occurring at three-day intervals. Quantitati...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.02.014
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis hyperactivity has been observed in (recurrent) major depressive disorder (MDD), although inconsistently and mainly cross-sectional. Longitudinal studies clarifying state-trait issues are lacking. We aimed to determine whether HPA-axis (hyper)activity in recurrent MDD...
journal_title：Psychoneuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.10.005
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
