Abstract：
PURPOSE OF REVIEW:We provide an overview of our current understanding of combination lipid-lowering therapies intended for dyslipidemia treatment and cardiovascular disease prevention. First, we analyze recent statin and non-statin combination therapy guidelines and clinical studies since the publication of 2013 American College of Cardiology Cholesterol Guidelines. Second, we examine the clinical utility of non-statin agents alone and in combination in terms of LDL-C lowering and ASCVD risk reduction. RECENT FINDINGS:Medical societies, including the American College of Cardiology (ACC), National Lipid Association (NLA), and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), have released guidelines to address the appropriate use of non-statin therapies. The guidelines incorporated new evidence, including the IMPROVE-IT and FOURIER clinical trials, which demonstrate that the combination of statin therapy with other non-statin agents such as ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors has a significant clinical benefit. Increasing evidence that aggressive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering leads to lower cardiovascular disease risk supports the need for continued exploration of the role of combination lipid-lowering therapies. A review of guidelines and clinical trials evaluating non-statin agents illuminates the growing base of evidence and expert opinion supporting the use of combination lipid-lowering therapies. While the majority of clinical trial data utilizes dyslipidemia monotherapy, especially statins, combination therapies represent an opportunity for individualized, patient-centered approach to LDL-C lowering and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk reduction. The overview provides a perspective on lipid management intended for clinicians who seek additional information and guidance on the use of combination therapies.
journal_name
Curr Atheroscler Repjournal_title
Current atherosclerosis reportsauthors
Russell C,Sheth S,Jacoby Ddoi
10.1007/s11883-018-0721-2subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-03-07 00:00:00pages
19issue
4eissn
1523-3804issn
1534-6242pii
10.1007/s11883-018-0721-2journal_volume
20pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Paradoxical embolism through a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a commonly identified potential mechanism of ischemic stroke, especially in young patients. The recurrent stroke rate among young cryptogenic stroke patients with a PFO is modest, but higher than normal for their age. Co-existing atrial septal aneurysm is a ...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-007-0039-y
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:This review aims to explore the relationship between AF and carotid atherosclerosis, and the impact on the outcomes of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Also, our aim is to critically review current knowledge and delineate future directions for effective treatment or prevention as well as str...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-019-0808-4
更新日期：2019-11-29 00:00:00
abstract：:Eicosanoids, including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, and other oxylipins derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, have emerging roles in endothelial inflammation and subsequent atherosclerosis. Unlike eicosanoids in the prostanoid series, they are known to be esterified in cell lipids such...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-009-0061-3
更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The liver X receptors (LXRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Since their initial identification more than a decade ago, LXRs have been characterized as key transcriptional regulators of lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis. LXRs are activated by the intra...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-008-0013-3
更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent randomized trials of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women are not consistent with the decrease in cardiovascular risk seen in observational studies of hormone therapy users compared with nonusers. Emerging evidence indicates that HRT use in some women with established coronary heart disease...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11883-002-0040-4
更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Atherothrombotic cardiovascular events are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). A number of factors beyond hyperglycemia contribute to this increased risk of cardiovascular events in T2D, including elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, inflammation, endothelial dysfunctio...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-014-0408-2
更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inflammation and oxidative processes are key components of atherosclerosis, from fatty streak formation to plaque rupture and thrombosis. Recent basic and clinical studies have identified a number of inflammatory and oxidative processes that appear to play a direct role in atherothrombosis and identify potentially cli...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-004-0038-1
更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The acute evaluation of stroke patients has undergone dramatic advances in the recent past. The increasing availability of novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, such as diffusion and perfusion MRI, provides a plethora of information to clinicians evaluating patients suspected of having an acute stroke. Th...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-004-0057-y
更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Platelets are critical modulators of atherothrombotic events. In the acute setting, platelets are activated and aggregate on the surface of atherosclerotic plaque that has ruptured, fissured, or developed erosions. The overlying thrombus leads to sudden development of arterial luminal obstruction, inducing ischemia an...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-009-0055-1
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Diabesity is a term often used to indicate the association of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with obesity; the prevalence of both conditions is rapidly increasing worldwide and has reached epidemic proportions. Insulin resistance represents the major determinant of T2DM, which becomes manifest once relative β-cell fa...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-012-0284-6
更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability of statins to lower serum cholesterol and reduce coronary heart disease endpoints has confirmed portions of the lipid hypothesis. However, the time to benefit and increased benefit in overlapping populations have suggested that nonlipid or pleiotropic effects of statins may be present. The apparent benefit...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-003-0066-2
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A wide range of structurally unrelated antioxidants inhibit atherosclerosis in animal models of hypercholesterolemia, implicating oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, most prospective, randomized trials of one proposed antioxidant, vitamin E, have failed to demons...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-003-0075-1
更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) has an extensive section on nonpharmacologic therapy for those with abnormal blood lipids. ATP III focused on the high-saturated fat atherogenic diet, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle and recommended a program of therapeut...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-002-0047-x
更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:While the function of vitamin D in regulating calcium homeostasis is well established, there has been growing interest in its role in the prevention of numerous chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is mounting epidemiological evidence suggesting that vitamin D deficiency is linked to increas...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-017-0637-2
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a significant etiologic cause of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) that leads to disabling deficits as well as significant morbidity and mortality in this population. Approximately 25 % of AIS is considered to be cryptogenic with no etiology ascertained at the time of the index event. Recent adva...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-015-0544-3
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (cis-MUFAs) on the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and on CHD mortality are not clear. Also, dietary recommendations for cis-MUFA as derived by various organizations are not in agreement. Earlier studies have mainly focused on the effects of cis-MUFA on serum lipids ...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-016-0597-y
更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Preliminary evidence demonstrating that adding 0.5 mg of colchicine per day to statin and antiplatelet therapy reduced the risk of acute coronary events in patients with stable coronary artery disease has raised the hope that it may prove effective for the long-term secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The ...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-013-0391-z
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Acute stroke is a treatable disease. Nevertheless, only a minority of patients obtain guideline-adjusted therapy. One major reason is the small time window in which therapies have to be administered in order to reverse or mitigate brain injury and prevent disability. The Mobile Stroke Unit (MSU) conce...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-018-0751-9
更新日期：2018-08-29 00:00:00
abstract：:A substantial body of epidemiologic data has shed light on the potential protective effects of the Mediterranean diet against atherosclerosis in humans. Many believe the reason the Mediterranean diet is atheroprotective is the elevated consumption of olive oil, an oil poor in saturated fatty acids (SFA) and highly enr...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11883-007-0066-8
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The original version of this article contains errors in Table 3. "At least 1 project/publication in the year" and "> 1 publication per year" have been switched under the titles of "Clinical Track" and "Physician-Scientist track". ...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi：10.1007/s11883-018-0743-9
更新日期：2018-06-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common problem in the United States, with estimates that 30 million men suffer with some degree of ED. Although causes include psychogenic, organic, and mixed forms, in middle-aged and older men one of the most common causes is vascular disease. Endothelial dysfunction, even without defi...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-002-0078-3
更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since the dawn of civilization, carbohydrate has comprised the largest source of energy in the diet for most populations. The source of the carbohydrate has been from plants in the form of complex carbohydrate high in fiber. Only in affluent cultures has sugar contributed so much of the total energy. When carbohydrate...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-005-0059-4
更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cardiovascular disease and its clinical sequelae remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in many regions of the world. Dyslipidemia is a critical risk factor to intercept in both the primary and secondary prevention of acute cardiovascular events. The prospective, placebo-controlled clinical trials conduc...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-004-0045-2
更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Demonstration of a direct relationship between plasma triglyceride (TG) concentration and atherosclerosis has proven difficult due to confounding variables that accompany elevated plasma TG, such as other dyslipidemias, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. However, human genetic studies have provided evidence suggesting a ca...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-012-0243-2
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transient ischemic attack (TIA) represents one end of the spectrum of focal brain ischemia, the other being completed infarction or ischemic stroke. The evolving technologic advancements in neuroimaging continue to change and sharpen the definition, epidemiology, and management of TIA. As a powerful risk factor for is...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-005-0019-z
更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are inversely related to risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, the simplistic assumption that HDL-C levels directly and causally impact atherogenesis has been challenged in recent years. The purpose of this article is to review the current ...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-016-0623-0
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There are hundreds of foods, nutrients, herbs, and botanicals that have "bioactive" constituents with potential human health benefits. Three of these are discussed in this review: soy, garlic, and ginkgo biloba. Each of these three choices involves an ingestible item composed of a complex mixture of bioactive agents. ...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-003-0037-7
更新日期：2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) strategies traditionally have been designed for individuals for whom oral speech is not a viable option. Common clinical practice has expanded AAC use to a tool for cognitive retraining or remediation. Although technologic developments offer the potential for vastly imp...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-002-0008-4
更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Its pathophysiology is complex and multifactorial. Because the phenotype of cardiovascular disease often shows a marked heritable pattern, it is likely that genetic factors play an important role. In recent years, large genome-wide as...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-011-0173-4
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:The purpose is to review evidence on cardiovascular risks and benefits of new treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus. RECENT FINDINGS:In response to guidance issued by the Food and Drug Administration, thousands of patients have been enrolled in large randomized trials evaluating the cardiovascular ...
journal_title：Current atherosclerosis reports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11883-016-0633-y
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
