Abstract：
:Publications reporting concentrations of caffeine in postmortem blood were reviewed if the cause of death was attributed to overdosing (poisoning) with drugs. Age and gender of the deceased, the manner of death (accident, suicide or undetermined) and types of co-ingested drugs were evaluated in relation to the concentrations of caffeine in blood (N = 51). The mean age (±SD) of the victims was 39 ± 17.8 years (range 18-84 years) and most were female (N = 31 or 61%). The difference in mean age of males (42 ± 17.2 years) and females (37 ± 18.3 years) was not statistically significant (t = 0.811, P = 0.421). The mean (±SD), median and range of caffeine concentrations in postmortem blood were 187 ± 96 mg/L (180 mg/L) and 33-567 mg/L, respectively. The median concentration of caffeine in males (161 mg/L) was not significantly different from that of females (182 mg/L), z = 1.18, P = 0.235. There was no correlation between the age of the deceased and the concentration of caffeine in postmortem blood (R2 = 0.026, P > 0.05). Manner of death was classified as suicide in 51% of cases (median blood-caffeine 185 mg/L), accidental in 16% (median 183 mg/L) or undetermined in 33% (median 113 mg/L). The median concentration of caffeine in blood was lower when manner of death was undetermined compared with suicide or accidental (P = 0.023). Although other drugs, including ethanol, antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines and/or ephedrine, were often identified in postmortem blood, the predominant psychoactive substance was caffeine. The deceased had ingested caffeine in tablet or powder form and it does not seem likely that toxic concentrations of caffeine can be achieved from over-consumption of caffeinated beverages alone.
journal_name
J Anal Toxicoljournal_title
Journal of analytical toxicologyauthors
Jones AWdoi
10.1093/jat/bkx011subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-04-01 00:00:00pages
167-172issue
3eissn
0146-4760issn
1945-2403pii
3003159journal_volume
41pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Selegiline (SE) is a selective, irreversible monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor, used for reducing symptoms in early-stage Parkinson's disease. The metabolites of SE include l-methamphetamine, l-amphetamine and desmethylselegiline (DSE). The stereoisomers of SE metabolites, d-methamphetamine and d-amphetamine are highly ad...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/bkaa058
更新日期：2020-05-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Given that external contamination must be considered in hair analysis, there is still a demand for reliable tools to differentiate between incorporation of drugs into the hair as a result of drug consumption and of the hair shaft by external contamination. With the aim of establishing alternative discrimination parame...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/bkz022
更新日期：2019-08-23 00:00:00
abstract：:We report the validation of a quantitative method for paraquat in plasma and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection (260 nm). Furthermore, we illustrate the use of this method in the clinic (over five years), in conjunction with a qualitative urine paraquat screen. Urine o...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/25.6.456
更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study describes a matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for rapid screening of 12 diuretics in spiked urine. C60 is used as the matrix for MALDI. Diuretics are directly analyzed by C60-MALDI without previous derivatization. The fact that most diuretic molecules contain sulfate grou...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/23.5.337
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In previous experimental studies on heroin metabolites excretion in urine, the first sample was often collected a few hours after intake. In forensic cases, it is sometimes questioned if a positive urine result is expected e.g., 30 min after intake. The aim of this study was to investigate urinary excretion of heroin ...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/bkx017
更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A group of 16 volatile substances (ethyl acetate, 2-propanol, 1-propanol, methanol, acetone, ethanol, acetaldehyde, diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ketone, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, t-butanol, isobutanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-pentanol) were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed through a method develo...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/bkaa154
更新日期：2020-10-08 00:00:00
abstract：:The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration has several different systems for collecting information on drugs of abuse. One is an early warning system, which collects information to provide scientific data and interpretation on drug abuse. Another is the collection of data from evidence submitted to DEA laboratories. Thi...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/11.6.237
更新日期：1987-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A comparison was made of several cannabinoid urine assays. Two hundred randomly selected urine specimens were initially screened by two enzyme immunoassays (EMIT-st and EMIT-d.a.u.) and a radioimmunoassay (Abuscreen RIA). Selected specimens found positive by any of these methods were further analyzed by gas-liquid chr...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/8.4.192
更新日期：1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The guidelines for screening of urinary cannabinoids require that all specimens testing positive should be confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry at a confirmatory test cutoff value of 15 ng/mL of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH). To assess the impact of lowering the confirmatory test cuto...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/bks067
更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 59-year-old white male accidentally ingested a mouthful of a plant growth chemical, Cycocel, containing 11.8% of the active ingredient (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat). He was seen by a family physician and then transferred to a hospital where he died as a result of ventricular fibrillation, w...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/14.4.257
更新日期：1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We report one fatal case of asphyxia caused by leaves of common ivy. Macroscopic examination of the corpse during the autopsy disclosed an incredible quantity of leaves of Hedera helix in the mouth and throat of the decedent. In order to rule out the possibility of poisoning by the toxic saponins contained in the plan...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/27.4.257
更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two cases of lethal overdose by temazepam are presented. In both cases, temazepam was the only drug detected, and there was no involvement of alcohol. The drug concentrations in blood, urine, and liver were measured. ...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/10.2.77
更新日期：1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A case of lethal overdose by prilocaine, a local anaesthetic, is presented. The patient died in the dental office during treatment, and the time course of events was documented. The drug concentration in blood, urine, and liver was measured. ...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/10.2.75
更新日期：1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of decomposition microclimate on the distribution of dextromethorphan (DXM) and dextrorphan (DXT) in skeletonized remains of rats acutely exposed to DXM were examined. Animals (n = 10) received DXM (75 mg/kg, i.p.), were euthanized 30 min post-dose and immediately allowed to decompose at either Site A (sha...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/bkw083
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study shows a simple, rapid, and specific method for the quantitative determination of cyanide ion in body fluids, especially blood, by fluorimetry. It is based upon the transformation of cyanide ion into hydrocyanic acid, which then reacts with 2,3-naphthalenedialdehyde and taurine in a self-contained system. Th...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/22.5.363
更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 22-year-old male with more than 28 needle marks on his right arm was found dead. First, he was suspected as a drug abuser. Blood, urine, spleen, and injection-site tissue was collected during autopsy. The blood and urine specimens were screened for drugs. Immunoassay studies did not show any illegal drugs. However, ...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/24.4.305
更新日期：2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We devised a highly sensitive method for simultaneously determining methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AP) enantiomers, desmethylselegiline (DMSG) and selegiline (SG), in human hair using a derivatization technique and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). M...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/30.4.232
更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A method utilizing microwave dissolution in a closed Teflon bomb followed by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry has been used for the routine analysis of arsenic in fish species from the coast of the province of Granada, Spain. The technique was evaluated for decomposing biological standard reference ma...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/16.3.169
更新日期：1992-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An analytical procedure for the determination of the new pain medication tapentadol and its main metabolite N-desmethyltapentadol (DMT), in urine and oral fluid has been developed and validated using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectral detection (LC-MS-MS). Oral fluid was collected using Quantisal™ devices...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/34.8.458
更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper presents a case of fatal overdosage due to an accidental massive administration (750 mg instead of 170 mg) of cisplatin, an anticancer agent, to a 63-year-old patient suffering from lymphoma. Platinum was measured in various postmortem samples by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Heart ...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/28.2.138
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) quantitation of 25 cannabis sed oils determined delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations from 3 to 1500 micrograms/g oil. In a pilot study, the morning urine of six volunteers who had ingested 11 or 22 g of the oil, which contained the highest THC content (1500 m...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/21.5.373
更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A gas chromatographic-chemical ionization mass spectrometric (GC-CIMS) method is described for the determination of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and norcocaine. The procedure uses stable isotopes as internal standards and a mixture of methane-ammonia as chemical ionization reagent gas. Run-to-run and within-run coefficie...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/4.1.37
更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Solid-phase extraction (SPE) and a one-step derivatization are combined with gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization-mass spectrometry to simplify a previously reported method for the determination of naltrexone and its metabolite, 6-beta-naltrexol, in human plasma. Deuterated isotopomers of naltrexone and...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/21.4.252
更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An assay for neurotoxic esterase (neuropathy target esterase, NTE) was developed by Johnson (1,2) to assess the delayed neurotoxic potential of organophosphorus compounds. NTE activity is calculated from the rate of phenyl valerate hydrolysis resistant to paraoxon and sensitive to mipafox inhibition under specified co...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/15.2.86
更新日期：1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Percutaneous vapor dosing studies have generally used saturated vapor concentration (SVC) measurements to estimate the exposure dose (Ct) of vapor produced from a volatile liquid within a closed system. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether the assumption was valid when translated to a biological system (pi...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/30.3.165
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A new tetracyclic antidepressant drug, maprotiline hydrochloride was found to be the agent of death in a 23-year-old subject following massive injestion (4.5-6.0 g). The case may be the first reported maprotiline death (sole cause) in the United States. Analytical parameters were studies and various chromatographic an...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/6.4.199
更新日期：1982-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A high performance liquid chromatographic method is reported, which incorporates three internal standards (I-cinchonidine, N-propylprocainamide, and para-chlorodisopyramide) for the simultaneous quantitation of four commonly prescribed antiarrhythmic drugs: quinidine, procainamide, N-acetylprocainamide, and disopyrami...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/7.2.65
更新日期：1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The retention index system is a reproducible means for the identification of drugs in toxicology samples analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detectors. Nitrogen-phosphorus (NP) detectors do not respond well to the standard n-alkanes, which lack nitrogen and phosphorus groups and which are used to obta...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/11.5.210
更新日期：1987-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Analysis of drugs in hair differs from their analysis in other tissues due to the extended detection window, as well as the opportunity that segmental hair analysis offers for the detection of changes in drug intake over time. The antipsychotic drug chlorprothixene is widely used, but few reports exist on chlorprothix...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/bky038
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cyclizine is an antihistamine with sedative effect used to treat motion sickness. A few studies have reported on cyclizine abuse among teenagers, and cyclizine abuse has been reported among opioid dependants receiving methadone, with the combination having been reported to produce strong psychoactive effects. Few repo...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/bkt100
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
