Revealing the dual streams of speech processing.

abstract：:Accurate modification of the 3 billion-base-pair human genome requires tools with exceptional sequence specificity. Here, we describe a general strategy for the design of enzymes that target a single site within the genome. We generated chimeric zinc finger recombinases with cooperative DNA-binding and catalytic speci...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Gordley RM,Gersbach CA,Barbas CF 3rd

更新日期：2009-03-31 00:00:00

abstract：:The human MHC represents the strongest susceptibility locus for autoimmune diseases. However, the identification of the true predisposing gene(s) has been handicapped by the strong linkage disequilibrium across the region. Furthermore, most studies to date have been limited to the examination of a subset of the HLA an...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： International MHC and Autoimmunity Genetics Network.,Rioux JD,Goyette P,Vyse TJ,Hammarström L,Fernando MM,Green T,De Jager PL,Foisy S,Wang J,de Bakker PI,Leslie S,McVean G,Padyukov L,Alfredsson L,Annese V,Hafler DA,Pan-

更新日期：2009-11-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Perilipin coats the lipid droplets of adipocytes and is thought to have a role in regulating triacylglycerol hydrolysis. To study the role of perilipin in vivo, we have created a perilipin knockout mouse. Perilipin null (peri(-/-)) and wild-type (peri(+/+)) mice consume equal amounts of food, but the adipose tissue ma...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Tansey JT,Sztalryd C,Gruia-Gray J,Roush DL,Zee JV,Gavrilova O,Reitman ML,Deng CX,Li C,Kimmel AR,Londos C

更新日期：2001-05-22 00:00:00

abstract：:The mechanisms controlling the transcription of gene sets in specific regions of a plant embryo shortly after fertilization remain unknown. Previously, we showed that G564 mRNA, encoding a protein of unknown function, accumulates to high levels in the giant suspensor of both Scarlet Runner Bean (SRB) and Common Bean e...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Henry KF,Bui AQ,Kawashima T,Goldberg RB

更新日期：2018-06-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Arsenic poisoning affects millions of people worldwide. Human arsenic intake from rice consumption can be substantial because rice is particularly efficient in assimilating arsenic from paddy soils, although the mechanism has not been elucidated. Here we report that two different types of transporters mediate transpor...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ma JF,Yamaji N,Mitani N,Xu XY,Su YH,McGrath SP,Zhao FJ

更新日期：2008-07-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Modification by covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) can reduce the immunogenicity and prolong the circulating life of proteins, but the utility of this approach for any protein is restricted by the number and distribution of PEG attachment sites (e.g., epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues). We have dev...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hershfield MS,Chaffee S,Koro-Johnson L,Mary A,Smith AA,Short SA

更新日期：1991-08-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Chloroplasts have evolved from a cyanobacterial endosymbiont and been retained for more than 1 billion years by coordinated chloroplast division in multiplying eukaryotic cells. Chloroplast division is performed by ring structures at the division site, encompassing both the inside and the outside of the two envelopes....

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Miyagishima SY,Kuwayama H,Urushihara H,Nakanishi H

更新日期：2008-09-30 00:00:00

abstract：:Dolichol phosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man), formed upon transfer of Man from GDPMan to Dol-P, is a mannosyl donor in pathways leading to N-glycosylation, glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane anchoring, and O-mannosylation of protein. Dol-P-Man synthase is an essential protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have cloned ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Colussi PA,Taron CH,Mack JC,Orlean P

更新日期：1997-07-22 00:00:00

abstract：:The 2.1-A resolution crystal structure of wild-type green fluorescent protein and comparison of it with the recently determined structure of the Ser-65 --> Thr (S65T) mutant explains the dual wavelength absorption and photoisomerization properties of the wild-type protein. The two absorption maxima are caused by a cha...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Brejc K,Sixma TK,Kitts PA,Kain SR,Tsien RY,Ormö M,Remington SJ

更新日期：1997-03-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Brn-4 is a member of the POU transcription factor family and is expressed in the central nervous system. In this study, we addressed whether Brn-4 regulates expression of the D1A dopamine receptor gene. We found a functional Brn-4 responsive element in the intron of this gene by means of cotransfection chloramphenical...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Okazawa H,Imafuku I,Minowa MT,Kanazawa I,Hamada H,Mouradian MM

更新日期：1996-10-15 00:00:00

abstract：:A number of eukaryotic viruses have evolved mechanisms to downregulate activity of the interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (referred to as P68 based on its Mr of 68,000 in human cells). This control is essential because once activated, the P68 kinase phosphorylates its natural substrate, t...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lee TG,Tomita J,Hovanessian AG,Katze MG

更新日期：1990-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Acute injury to the intestinal mucosa is a major dose-limiting complication of abdominal radiation therapy. We studied the role of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in protection against radiation-induced apoptosis in the intestinal epithelium in vivo. We use mice in which NF-kappaB signaling through IkappaB-kinase (...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Egan LJ,Eckmann L,Greten FR,Chae S,Li ZW,Myhre GM,Robine S,Karin M,Kagnoff MF

更新日期：2004-02-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Methods are described for the removal of the sporophytic pollen grain coating of Brassica oleracea and for the isolation of coat polypeptides. The coat contains a small number of proteins ranging from 6 to 45 kDa. Many of the larger proteins are glycosylated, while all carry high positive charges resulting in pI value...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Doughty J,Hedderson F,McCubbin A,Dickinson H

更新日期：1993-01-15 00:00:00

abstract：:MinD is a widely conserved ATPase that has been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in selection of the division site in eubacteria and chloroplasts. It is a member of the large ParA superfamily of ATPases that are characterized by a deviant Walker-type ATP-binding motif. MinD localizes to the cytoplasmic face of the ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Szeto TH,Rowland SL,Rothfield LI,King GF

更新日期：2002-11-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily are important for cell growth and survival. In addition to providing costimulatory signals for cell proliferation, ligation of both TNFR1 and Fas can result in programmed cell death or apoptosis. The underlying mechanism requires an intact 80-aa stretch ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Prasad KV,Ao Z,Yoon Y,Wu MX,Rizk M,Jacquot S,Schlossman SF

更新日期：1997-06-10 00:00:00

abstract：:The gene encoding the receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM) is overexpressed in many human cancers. However, it is unclear whether RHAMM plays a causal role in tumor initiation or progression. Using somatic gene transfer in a mouse model of islet cell tumorigenesis, we demonstrate that RHAMM isoform B (RHA...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Du YC,Chou CK,Klimstra DS,Varmus H

更新日期：2011-10-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Previous studies have shown that binding of interleukin 1 (IL-1) to its receptor and intracellular processing of the IL-1/IL-1 receptor complex appear to be different in B- and T-lymphocyte cell lines. In this study we used a B-lymphoid cell line, 70Z/3, and T-lymphoid cell line, EL-4 6.1 C10, to explore further the d...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Bomsztyk K,Sims JE,Stanton TH,Slack J,McMahan CJ,Valentine MA,Dower SK

更新日期：1989-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The sudden appearance of calcified skeletons among many different invertebrate taxa at the Precambrian-Cambrian transition may have required minor reorganization of preexisting secretory functions. In particular, features of the skeletal organic matrix responsible for regulating crystal growth by inhibition may be der...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Marin F,Smith M,Isa Y,Muyzer G,Westbroek P

更新日期：1996-02-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) signaling is essential for normal embryonic development in many organisms, including frog, mouse, zebrafish, and sea urchin. The mode of action of PDGFR signaling during early development is poorly understood, however, mostly because inhibition of signaling through eithe...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Van Stry M,Kazlauskas A,Schreiber SL,Symes K

更新日期：2005-06-07 00:00:00

abstract：:Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells are early-generated transient neurons and are important in the regulation of cortical neuronal migration and cortical laminar formation. Molecular entities characterizing the CR cell identity, however, remain largely elusive. We purified mouse cortical CR cells expressing GFP to homogeneity by...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Yamazaki H,Sekiguchi M,Takamatsu M,Tanabe Y,Nakanishi S

更新日期：2004-10-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Absorbance changes in untreated intact leaf discs, produced upon excitation with high-intensity red light, were shown to be due to the photooxidation of cytochrome b-559. At low intensities (<100 W/m2), photooxidation was almost undetectable. Photooxidation occurred with a half-time of 4.3 sec and an extent of 0.64 mo...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Canaani O,Havaux M

更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many thylakoid lumen proteins are synthesized outside the chloroplast as larger molecular weight precursors and then processed to their mature size during transport to the lumenal space. We have examined the post-translational processing of thylakoid lumen proteins in vivo by pulse-radiolabeling experiments with Chlam...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Howe G,Merchant S

更新日期：1993-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Reactions of a membrane-bound multienzyme complex (electron-transport chain of rat-liver microsomes) suspended in aqueous-organic solvent used as antifreeze at temperatures below 0 degrees were studied. In the presence of a relatively high concentration of ethylene glycol, electron transfer can still be observed and s...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Debey P,Balny C,Douzou P

更新日期：1973-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We introduce a model of evolution in which competing organisms are represented by percolation lattice models. Fitness is based on the number of occupied sites remaining after removing a cluster connected to a randomly selected site. High-fitness individuals arising through mutation and selection must trade off density...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Zhou T,Carlson JM,Doyle J

更新日期：2002-02-19 00:00:00

abstract：:We performed a genome-wide analysis of gene expression in primary human CD15(+) myeloid progenitor cells. By using the serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) technique, we obtained quantitative information for the expression of 37,519 unique SAGE-tag sequences. Of these unique tags, (i) 25% were detected at high an...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lee S,Zhou G,Clark T,Chen J,Rowley JD,Wang SM

更新日期：2001-03-13 00:00:00

abstract：:DsrA is an 87-nucleotide regulatory RNA of Escherichia coli that acts in trans by RNA-RNA interactions with two different mRNAs, hns and rpoS. DsrA has opposite effects on these transcriptional regulators. H-NS levels decrease, whereas RpoS (final sigma(s)) levels increase. Here we show that DsrA enhances hns mRNA tur...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lease RA,Belfort M

更新日期：2000-08-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The numbers and proportion of neurons in areas and regions of cortex were determined for a single cortical hemisphere from two prosimian galagos, one New World owl monkey, one Old World macaque monkey, and one baboon. The results suggest that there is a common plan of cortical organization across the species examined ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Collins CE,Airey DC,Young NA,Leitch DB,Kaas JH

更新日期：2010-09-07 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent work using culture-independent methods suggests that the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients harbor a vast array of bacteria not conventionally implicated in CF lung disease. However, sampling lung secretions in living subjects requires that expectorated specimens or collection devices pass through the oroph...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Goddard AF,Staudinger BJ,Dowd SE,Joshi-Datar A,Wolcott RD,Aitken ML,Fligner CL,Singh PK

更新日期：2012-08-21 00:00:00

abstract：:The induction of hemoglobin synthesis by dimethylsulfoxide in cells infected with Friend leukemia virus has been shown to depend on the number of cell divisions after the addition of the inducing agent. In asynchronous cultures the cells have a generation time of 24 hr, and hemoglobin synthesis occurs after 48 hr in t...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： McClintock PR,Papaconstantinou J

更新日期：1974-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A three-dimensional map of the positions of four idiotypic determinants (idiotopes or Ids) and an isotypic determinant was derived by transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained immune complexes. Each complex was composed of a monoclonal Id-expressing IgG and one or two varieties of monoclonal anti-Id (or a...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Roux KH,Monafo WJ,Davie JM,Greenspan NS

更新日期：1987-07-01 00:00:00