Abstract：
:The distribution, accumulation and circulation of oxygen and hydrogen in Earth's interior dictate the geochemical evolution of the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. The oxygen-rich atmosphere and iron-rich core represent two end-members of the oxygen-iron (O-Fe) system, overlapping with the entire pressure-temperature-composition range of the planet. The extreme pressure and temperature conditions of the deep interior alter the oxidation states, spin states and phase stabilities of iron oxides, creating new stoichiometries, such as Fe4O5 (ref. 5) and Fe5O6 (ref. 6). Such interactions between O and Fe dictate Earth's formation, the separation of the core and mantle, and the evolution of the atmosphere. Iron, in its multiple oxidation states, controls the oxygen fugacity and oxygen budget, with hydrogen having a key role in the reaction of Fe and O (causing iron to rust in humid air). Here we use first-principles calculations and experiments to identify a highly stable, pyrite-structured iron oxide (FeO2) at 76 gigapascals and 1,800 kelvin that holds an excessive amount of oxygen. We show that the mineral goethite, FeOOH, which exists ubiquitously as 'rust' and is concentrated in bog iron ore, decomposes under the deep lower-mantle conditions to form FeO2 and release H2. The reaction could cause accumulation of the heavy FeO2-bearing patches in the deep lower mantle, upward migration of hydrogen, and separation of the oxygen and hydrogen cycles. This process provides an alternative interpretation for the origin of seismic and geochemical anomalies in the deep lower mantle, as well as a sporadic O2 source for the Great Oxidation Event over two billion years ago that created the present oxygen-rich atmosphere.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Hu Q,Kim DY,Yang W,Yang L,Meng Y,Zhang L,Mao HKdoi
10.1038/nature18018subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-06-09 00:00:00pages
241-4issue
7606eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
nature18018journal_volume
534pub_type
历史文章,杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract：:Transposable elements are viewed as 'selfish genetic elements', yet they contribute to gene regulation and genome evolution in diverse ways. More than half of the human genome consists of transposable elements. Alu elements belong to the short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) family of repetitive elements, and with...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature21715
更新日期：2017-04-06 00:00:00
abstract：:High biodiversity has been shown to enhance ecological stability on small spatial scales and over intervals of weeks to decades. It remains unclear, however, whether this diversity-stability relationship can be scaled up to regional scales, or to longer timescales. Without empirical validation at larger scales, the im...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature03152
更新日期：2005-01-27 00:00:00
abstract：:When a portrait is coarsely quantized into blocks, the block structure hides the face, although lower spatial frequencies of the original image sufficient by themselves for recognition are preserved. Recognition can be recovered by blurring the image, or otherwise attenuating the spurious higher spatial frequency comp...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/305226a0
更新日期：1983-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Large panels of comprehensively characterized human cancer models, including the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), have provided a rigorous framework with which to study genetic variants, candidate targets, and small-molecule and biological therapeutics and to identify new marker-driven cancer dependencies. To imp...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-019-1186-3
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Redfield ratio of 106 carbon:16 nitrogen:1 phosphorus in marine phytoplankton is one of the foundations of ocean biogeochemistry, with applications in algal physiology, palaeoclimatology and global climate change. However, this ratio varies substantially in response to changes in algal nutrient status and taxonomi...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature03125
更新日期：2004-12-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Concern about the levels of lead in blood is widespread. There is uncertainty, however, about the relative importance of the various environmental sources. Lead in petrol is widely assumed to be one of the most important sources and air and dust have been identified as the main routes to man. Water is regarded as an i...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/310138a0
更新日期：1984-07-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Regulation of transcription initiation by proteins binding at DNA sequences some distance from the promoter region itself seems to be a general phenomenon in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Proteins bound to an enhancer site in eukaryotes can turn on a distant gene, whereas efficient repression of some prokaryotic ge...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/325823a0
更新日期：1987-02-26 00:00:00
abstract：:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus 8, or HHV 8) is a virus that is consistently present in Kaposi's sarcoma and in primary-effusion (body-cavity-based) lymphomas, malignancies that occur frequently, but not exclusively, in AIDS patients. KSHV is a gamma herpesvirus with homo...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/385347a0
更新日期：1997-01-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Relative motion is one of the most salient cues for segmentation of a visual scene into separate objects. This is illustrated by the vivid contours that are perceived when random dot patterns move in different directions. Once motion is halted in such displays the segmentation contours disappear. This makes random dot...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/363541a0
更新日期：1993-06-10 00:00:00
abstract：:The visual recognition of three-dimensional (3-D) objects on the basis of their shape poses at least two difficult problems. First, there is the problem of variable illumination, which can be addressed by working with relatively stable features such as intensity edges rather than the raw intensity images. Second, ther...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/343263a0
更新日期：1990-01-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurotransmitter release is initiated by influx of Ca2+ through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, within 200 microseconds of the action potential arriving at the synaptic terminal, as the Ca2+ concentration increases from 100 nM to > 200 microM. Exocytosis requires high Ca2+ concentration, with a threshold of 20-50 microM ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/379451a0
更新日期：1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:All living organisms use ion channels to regulate the transport of ions across cellular membranes. Certain ion channels are classed as voltage-dependent because they have a voltage-sensing structure that induces their pores to open in response to changes in the cell membrane voltage. Until recently, the voltage-depend...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature01473
更新日期：2003-03-13 00:00:00
abstract：:This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/nature22794. ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi：10.1038/nature25162
更新日期：2018-03-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Originally described by Lugaresi et al. in 1986 (ref. 1), fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is a rare inherited neurological disease characterized by the subacute progression of intractable insomnia and other autonomic abnormalities, cerebellar and pyramidal signs, myoclonus and dementia; neuropathologically, the major fe...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/376434a0
更新日期：1995-08-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Positron emission tomography (PET) measurements of brain blood flow were used to monitor changes in the human primary and secondary somatosensory cortices during the period when somatosensory stimuli were expected. In anticipation of either focal or innocuous touching, or localized, painful shocks, blood flow decrease...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/373249a0
更新日期：1995-01-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurotransmitter/sodium symporters (NSSs) couple the uptake of neurotransmitter with one or more sodium ions, removing neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft. NSSs are essential to the function of chemical synapses, are associated with multiple neurological diseases and disorders, and are the targets of therapeutic ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature09581
更新日期：2010-12-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Non-volcanic tremor is a weak, extended duration seismic signal observed episodically on some major faults, often in conjunction with slow slip events. Such tremor may hold the key to understanding fundamental processes at the deep roots of faults, and could signal times of accelerated slip and hence increased seismic...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature05666
更新日期：2007-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:In animals, maternal gene products deposited into eggs regulate embryonic development before activation of the zygotic genome. In plants, an analogous period of prolonged maternal control over embryogenesis is thought to occur based on some gene-expression studies. However, other gene-expression studies and genetic an...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature10756
更新日期：2012-01-22 00:00:00
abstract：:An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 已发布勘误
doi：10.1038/s41586-020-2544-x
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Global efforts to mitigate climate change are guided by projections of future temperatures. But the eventual equilibrium global mean temperature associated with a given stabilization level of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations remains uncertain, complicating the setting of stabilization targets to avoid potenti...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature08019
更新日期：2009-04-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Some surprising facts about the most productive institutions emerge when Japanese life-science research is subject to a novel type of assessment. ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/372125a0
更新日期：1994-11-10 00:00:00
abstract：:The most striking feature of the Sun's magnetic field is its cyclic behaviour. The number of sunspots, which are dark regions of strong magnetic field on the Sun's surface, varies with a period of about 11 years. Superposed on this cycle are secular changes that occur on timescales of centuries and events like the Mau...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35044027
更新日期：2000-11-23 00:00:00
abstract：:The discovery that the primary transcripts of many genes are processed to produce more than one kind of messenger RNA focuses attention on the control of RNA processing as a developmental regulatory mechanism. In the fruit-fly Drosophila melanogaster, differential splicing of a hierarchy of regulatory genes determines...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/340521a0
更新日期：1989-08-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Sounds heard over headphones are typically perceived inside the head (internalized), unlike real sound sources which are perceived outside the head (externalized). If the acoustical waveforms from a real sound source are reproduced precisely using headphones, auditory images are appropriately externalized and localize...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/25526
更新日期：1998-12-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Limiting the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere is one of the largest challenges of our generation1. Because carbon capture and storage is one of the few viable technologies that can mitigate current CO2 emissions2, much effort is focused on developing solid adsorbents that can efficiently capture CO2 from flue gases e...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-019-1798-7
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Continental rifts are important sources of mantle carbon dioxide (CO2) emission into Earth's atmosphere1-3. Because deep carbon is stored for long periods in the lithospheric mantle4-6, rift CO2 flux depends on lithospheric processes that control melt and volatile transport1,3,7. The influence of compositional and thi...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-020-2328-3
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the ocean seem to correlate well with climate instabilities over the past 100,000 years. For example, the concentration of dissolved oxygen in Pacific intermediate waters was considerably higher during Pleistocene glacial periods than it is today. This has been inferred from the p...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35030084
更新日期：2000-09-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Substrates of the proteasome are recognized and unfolded by the regulatory particle, and then translocated into the core particle (CP) to be degraded. A hetero-hexameric ATPase ring, containing subunits Rpt1-6, is situated within the base subassembly of the regulatory particle. The ATPase ring sits atop the CP, with t...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature08065
更新日期：2009-06-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Magnetars are neutron stars with X-ray and soft γ-ray outbursts thought to be powered by intense internal magnetic fields. Like conventional neutron stars in the form of radio pulsars, magnetars exhibit 'glitches' during which angular momentum is believed to be transferred between the solid outer crust and the superfl...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature12159
更新日期：2013-05-30 00:00:00
abstract：:In associative learning, the activated neurones undergo a variety of concomitant functional alterations--increases or decreases of firing activity and modifications of membrane potential or resistance and of synaptic responsiveness. Synaptic transmission which can be strengthened only when there is paired activity in ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/290413a0
更新日期：1981-04-02 00:00:00
