Abstract：
:Seeking research funding is an essential part of academic life. Funded projects are primarily collaborative in nature through internal and external partnerships, but what role does funding play in the formulation of these partnerships? Here, by examining over 43,000 scientific projects funded over the past three decades by one of the major government research agencies in the world, we characterize how the funding landscape has changed and its impacts on the underlying collaboration networks across different scales. We observed rising inequality in the distribution of funding and that its effect was most noticeable at the institutional level--the leading universities diversified their collaborations and increasingly became the knowledge brokers in the collaboration network. Furthermore, it emerged that these leading universities formed a rich club (i.e., a cohesive core through their close ties) and this reliance among them seemed to be a determining factor for their research success, with the elites in the core overattracting resources but also rewarding in terms of both research breadth and depth. Our results reveal how collaboration networks organize in response to external driving forces, which can have major ramifications on future research strategy and government policy.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Ma A,Mondragón RJ,Latora Vdoi
10.1073/pnas.1513651112subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-12-01 00:00:00pages
14760-5issue
48eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
1513651112journal_volume
112pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Membrane-mediated particle interactions depend both on the properties of the particles themselves and the membrane environment in which they are suspended. Experiments have shown that chiral rod-like inclusions dissolved in a colloidal membrane of opposite handedness assemble into colloidal rafts, which are finite-siz...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.1900615116
更新日期：2019-08-06 00:00:00
abstract：:In the coming century, anthropogenic climate change will threaten the persistence of restricted endemic species, complicating conservation planning. Although most efforts to quantify potential shifts in species' ranges use global climate model (GCM) output, regional climate model (RCM) output may be better suited to p...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.0501427102
更新日期：2005-11-08 00:00:00
abstract：:It is shown that a stereochemical correspondence between two molecular systems can be represented by a commuting diagram of the point groups and permutation groups involved. The effect of the diagrammatic condition on the mappings of the cosets, double cosets, subgroup lattice, and double coset algebra determined for ...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.72.6.2385
更新日期：1975-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The distribution of dopamine-containing processes in the striatum of fetal and neonatal cats was studied by immunohistochemical and glyoxylic acid histofluorescence methods and compared to the distribution of acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine acetylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) observed by thiocholine histochemistry in the...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.78.9.5871
更新日期：1981-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Concepts organize the relationship among individual stimuli or events by highlighting shared features. Often, new goals require updating conceptual knowledge to reflect relationships based on different goal-relevant features. Here, our aim is to determine how hippocampal (HPC) object representations are organized and ...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.1614048113
更新日期：2016-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The androgen receptor (AR) binds to androgen response elements and regulates target genes via a mechanism involving coregulators. Here we demonstrate that the AR can interact with the testicular orphan receptor-4 (TR4) and function as a repressor to down-regulate the TR4 target genes by preventing the TR4 binding to i...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.96.26.14724
更新日期：1999-12-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Echolocating big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) broadcast ultrasonic frequency-modulated (FM) biosonar sounds (20-100 kHz frequencies; 10-50 microseconds periods) and perceive target range from echo delay. Knowing the acuity for delay resolution is essential to understand how bats process echoes because they perceive t...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.95.21.12647
更新日期：1998-10-13 00:00:00
abstract：:A molecular model of poorly understood hydrophobic effects is heuristically developed using the methods of information theory. Because primitive hydrophobic effects can be tied to the probability of observing a molecular-sized cavity in the solvent, the probability distribution of the number of solvent centers in a ca...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.93.17.8951
更新日期：1996-08-20 00:00:00
abstract：:A polypeptide was purified from rat hypothalamic extracts on the basis of its high intrinsic activity to release corticotropin (ACTH) from cultured rat anterior pituitary cells and its immunoactivity in a radioimmunoassay directed against the NH2 terminus (residues 4-20) of ovine hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing f...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.80.15.4851
更新日期：1983-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The six-layered neocortex is a uniquely mammalian structure with evolutionary origins that remain in dispute. One long-standing hypothesis, based on similarities in neuronal connectivity, proposes that homologs of the layer 4 input and layer 5 output neurons of neocortex are present in the avian forebrain, where they ...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.1204773109
更新日期：2012-10-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Accumulating evidence suggests that subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues are differentially associated with metabolic disorders. In obesity, subcutaneous adipose tissue is beneficial for metabolic homeostasis because of repressed inflammation. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrat...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.1822067116
更新日期：2019-06-11 00:00:00
abstract：:The eukaryotic microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains 50-100 copies per cell of a circular plasmid called 2-micrometer DNA. The intracellular structure of these molecules, which represent about 4% of the total DNA, was examined by digestion of total cellular chromatin with micrococcal nuclease (nucleate 3'-ol...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.76.12.6515
更新日期：1979-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The intermediates and the rate-limiting step in the crystallization of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin have been determined by a kinetic study with the use of electron microscopy. In slowly stirred solutions of deoxygenated hemoglobin S [Pumphrey, J. & Steinhardt, J. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 112, 359--375], the sequential ...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.77.2.944
更新日期：1980-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During the developmental process of the Gram-negative soil bacterium Myxococcus xanthus, vegetatively growing rod cells differentiate to ultimately become metabolically quiescent and environmentally resistant myxospores encased within fruiting bodies. This program, initiated by nutrient deprivation, is propagated by b...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.0506969102
更新日期：2005-10-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Children with reading impairments have deficits in phonological awareness, phonemic categorization, speech-in-noise perception, and psychophysical tasks such as frequency and temporal discrimination. Many of these children also exhibit abnormal encoding of speech stimuli in the auditory brainstem, even though response...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.0901123106
更新日期：2009-08-04 00:00:00
abstract：:We study atomic models of the thermodynamics of the structural transition of peptides that form alpha-helices. The effect of sequence variation on alpha-helix formation for alanine-rich peptides, Ac-Ala21-methyl amide (A21) and Ac-A5 (AAARA)3A-methyl amide (Fs peptide), is investigated by atomic simulation studies of ...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.042496899
更新日期：2002-03-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Hox genes are located in highly conserved clusters. The significance of this organization is unclear, but one possibility is that regulatory regions for individual genes are dispersed throughout the cluster and shared with other Hox genes. This hypothesis is supported by studies on several Hox genes in which even larg...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.93.6.2426
更新日期：1996-03-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Differences between early and late passage cell cultures on the organelle and macromolecular levels have been attributed to cellular "aging". However, concern has been expressed over whether changes in diploid cell populations after serial passage in vitro accurately reflect human cellular aging in vivo. Studies were ...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.73.10.3584
更新日期：1976-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:B-lymphocyte-specific class switch recombination is known to occur between pairs of 2- to 10-kb switch regions located immediately upstream of the immunoglobulin constant heavy-chain genes. Others have shown that the recombination is temporally correlated with the induction of transcription at the targeted switch regi...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.92.12.5625
更新日期：1995-06-06 00:00:00
abstract：:A primary method for studying cellular function is to examine cell morphology after a given manipulation. Fluorescent markers attached to proteins/intracellular structures of interest in conjunction with 3D fluorescent microscopy are frequently exploited for functional analysis. Despite the central role of morphology ...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.1117796109
更新日期：2012-05-29 00:00:00
abstract：:Optical spectra of biological polymers contain important information about their structure and function in living organisms. This information can be accessed by extracting an optical interaction of monomers, i.e., their exciton coupling, from experimental data. This coupling is sensitive to molecular structure, geomet...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.0808513106
更新日期：2009-01-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Aberrations in the T cell repertoire with the emergence of oligoclonal populations have been described in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the extent of the repertoire perturbations as well as the underlying mechanisms are not known. We now have examined the diversity of the peripheral CD4 T cell repe...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.95.24.14447
更新日期：1998-11-24 00:00:00
abstract：:A DNA fragment homologous to U6 small nuclear RNA was isolated from a human genomic library and sequenced. The immediate 5'-flanking region of the U6 DNA clone had significant homology with a potential mouse U6 gene, including a "TATA box" at a position 26-29 nucleotides upstream from the transcription start site. Alt...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.83.22.8575
更新日期：1986-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this paper we extend the well-known Vitali-Hahn-Saks and Nikodým theorems for measures to finitely additive vector-valued set functions. ...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.67.3.1294
更新日期：1970-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study investigated whether neural structures become less functionally differentiated and specialized with age. We studied ventral visual cortex, an area of the brain that responds selectively to visual categories (faces, places, and words) in young adults, and that shows little atrophy with age. Functional...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.0405148101
更新日期：2004-08-31 00:00:00
abstract：:Broken-cell preparations of Salmonella typhimurium rapidly incorporated 75Se from 75SeO3(2-) into tRNA by an ATP-dependent process. Selenium incorporation in the presence of 50 microM 75SeO3(2-) (0.8-1 pmol per A260 unit) was enhanced by the selenocysteine precursor, O-acetyl-L-serine (to 3.7 pmol per A260 unit). This...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.87.16.6341
更新日期：1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The precipitation and assembly of calcium carbonate skeletons by stony corals is a precisely controlled process regulated by the secretion of an ECM. Recently, it has been reported that the proteome of the skeletal organic matrix (SOM) contains a group of coral acid-rich proteins as well as an assemblage of adhesion a...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.1408621111
更新日期：2014-09-02 00:00:00
abstract：:A Mr 35,000 calmodulin-binding protein, which also possesses the ability to interact with a number of cytoskeletal elements, was purified from bovine synaptosomal membranes, using hydroxylapatite and phosphocellulose column chromatography. We call this protein "cytosynalin," which is derived from a combination of the ...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.84.7.1916
更新日期：1987-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Under various conditions, specific genetic areas of the phage T4 DNA molecule are preferentially and repeatedly replicated, resulting in the amplification of these areas. These areas are found to lie in the vicinity of the known origins of DNA replication. ...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.77.9.5064
更新日期：1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Effects of temperature on biological processes are complex. Diffusion is less affected than the diverse enzymatic reactions that have distinct individual temperature profiles. Hence thermal fluctuations pose a formidable challenge to ectothermic organisms in which body temperature is largely dictated by the ambient te...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.1322396111
更新日期：2014-04-15 00:00:00
