Large-scale evidence of dependency length minimization in 37 languages.

abstract：:Under conditions (0.2% CO2; 1% O2) that allow high rates of photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence was measured simultaneously with carbon assimilation at various light intensities in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves. Using a stoichiometry of 3 ATP/CO2 and the known relationship between ATP synthesis rate and driv...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Schönknecht G,Neimanis S,Katona E,Gerst U,Heber U

更新日期：1995-12-19 00:00:00

abstract：:The triphenylmethane derivative aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), but not aurin, selectively prevented the binding of OKT4A/Leu-3a monoclonal antibody (mAb) and, to a lesser extent, OKT4 mAb to the CD4 cell receptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The effect was seen within 1 min at an ATA concentration ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Schols D,Baba M,Pauwels R,Desmyter J,De Clercq E

更新日期：1989-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Viral shells are self-assembled protein nanocontainers with remarkable material properties. They combine simplicity of construction with toughness and complex functionality. These properties make them interesting for bionanotechnology. To date we know little about how virus structure determines assembly pathways and s...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ivanovska IL,Miranda R,Carrascosa JL,Wuite GJ,Schmidt CF

更新日期：2011-08-02 00:00:00

abstract：:Muscle wasting is a debilitating consequence of fasting, inactivity, cancer, and other systemic diseases that results primarily from accelerated protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. To identify key factors in this process, we have used cDNA microarrays to compare normal and atrophying muscles and f...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Gomes MD,Lecker SH,Jagoe RT,Navon A,Goldberg AL

更新日期：2001-12-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Among flowering plants, females often have little control over the genetic relatedness of pollen deposited on stigmas. Thus, postpollination processes are of primary importance for mate discrimination. The ability to screen and select among male gametes during pollen tube growth within the female tissues of the stigma...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Williams JH Jr,Friedman WE,Arnold ML

更新日期：1999-08-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Monoclonal antibodies were used to isolate nonneutralizable antigenic variants in the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus. It had been found that a large percentage of virus retains infectivity despite binding neutralizing antibody. This high persistent fraction of nonneutralized virus ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Iorio RM,Bratt MA

更新日期：1985-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We have asked here how the remarkable variation in maize haplotype structure affects recombination. We compared recombination across a genetic interval of 9S in 2 highly dissimilar heterozygotes that shared 1 parent. The genetic interval in the common haplotype is approximately 100 kb long and contains 6 genes intersp...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： He L,Dooner HK

更新日期：2009-05-26 00:00:00

abstract：:The self-association of gene-32 protein has been studied by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in order to better understand its role in DNA replication and genetic recombination. The monomer molecular weight of gene-32 protein is 38,000 in guanidine hydrochloride and 34,0...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Carroll RB,Neet KE,Goldthwait DA

更新日期：1972-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:One mechanism of silver resistance in microorganisms is accumulation of the metal ions in the cell. Here, we report on the phenomenon of biosynthesis of silver-based single crystals with well-defined compositions and shapes, such as equilateral triangles and hexagons, in Pseudomonas stutzeri AG259. The crystals were u...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Klaus T,Joerger R,Olsson E,Granqvist CG

更新日期：1999-11-23 00:00:00

abstract：:We have found that phagocytic leukocytes exposed to the tumor-promoting agent, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, efficiently release carbon-1 of 2-deoxyglucose in the form of CO2 with concurrent intracellular accumulation of a phosphorylated 5-carbon intermediate. In the absence of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-a...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Zabos P,Kyner D,Mendelsohn N,Schreiber C,Waxman S,Christman J,Acs G

更新日期：1978-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The distribution of actin stress fibers in normal and regenerating (after endothelial denudation by means of a balloon catheter) rabbit aortic endothelial cells has been studied by means of immunofluorescence with human actin autoantibodies on en face endothelial cell preparations. Our results show that: (i) under nor...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Gabbiani G,Gabbiani F,Lombardi D,Schwartz SM

更新日期：1983-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The energy landscape theory provides a general framework for describing protein folding reactions. Because a large number of studies, however, have focused on two-state proteins with single well-defined folding pathways and without detectable intermediates, the extent to which free energy landscapes are shaped up by t...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Calosci N,Chi CN,Richter B,Camilloni C,Engström A,Eklund L,Travaglini-Allocatelli C,Gianni S,Vendruscolo M,Jemth P

更新日期：2008-12-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Absorbance changes of C-550 and cytochrome b(559), and fluorescence-yield changes were measured during irradiation of chloroplasts at -196 degrees . The photo-reduction of C-550 proceeded more rapidly than the photo-oxidation of cytochrome b(559), and the fluorescence-yield change had similar kinetics to the cytochrom...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Butler WL

更新日期：1972-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The CH family of murine B-cell lymphomas includes several members that are sensitive to growth inhibition when their membrane IgM (mIgM) receptors are cross-linked by anti-mu chain, anti-kappa chain, or anti-idiotypic antibodies. These lymphomas are IgM+, Ia+, and IgD +/- and resemble neonatal B cells in terms of thei...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Alés-Martínez JE,Warner GL,Scott DW

更新日期：1988-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Let X(0) be an unknown M by N matrix. In matrix recovery, one takes n < MN linear measurements y(1),…,y(n) of X(0), where y(i) = Tr(A(T)iX(0)) and each A(i) is an M by N matrix. A popular approach for matrix recovery is nuclear norm minimization (NNM): solving the convex optimization problem min ||X||*subject to y(i) ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Donoho DL,Gavish M,Montanari A

更新日期：2013-05-21 00:00:00

abstract：:Synthetic genes for human insulin A and B chains were cloned separately in plasmid pBR322. The cloned synthetic genes were then fused to an Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene to provide efficient transcription and translation and a stable precursor protein. The insulin peptides were cleaved from beta-galactosida...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Goeddel DV,Kleid DG,Bolivar F,Heyneker HL,Yansura DG,Crea R,Hirose T,Kraszewski A,Itakura K,Riggs AD

更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mutations are a hallmark of cancer. Normal cells minimize spontaneous mutations through the combined actions of polymerase base selectivity, 3' --> 5' exonucleolytic proofreading, mismatch correction, and DNA damage repair. To determine the consequences of defective proofreading in mammals, we created mice with a poin...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Goldsby RE,Hays LE,Chen X,Olmsted EA,Slayton WB,Spangrude GJ,Preston BD

更新日期：2002-11-26 00:00:00

abstract：:The uncatalyzed reactions of O(2) (S = 1) with organic substrates (S = 0) are thermodynamically favorable but kinetically slow because they are spin-forbidden and the one-electron reduction potential of O(2) is unfavorable. In nature, many of these important O(2) reactions are catalyzed by metalloenzymes. In the case ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Pau MY,Lipscomb JD,Solomon EI

更新日期：2007-11-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Accumulation of (45)Ca(++) was found to occur in membrane vesicles of E. coli prepared by lysis with a French pressure cell. The uptake occurs by active transport, requiring an energy source. Substrates of the electron transport chain, including D-lactate, reduced phenazine methosulfate, and NADH, stimulated accumulat...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Rosen BP,McClees JS

更新日期：1974-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In 1000 primary gastric carcinomas, 70 (7.0%) contained Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomic sequences detected by PCR and Southern blots. The positive tumors comprised 8 of 9 (89%) undifferentiated lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas, 27 of 476 (5.7%) poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas, and 35 of 515 (6.8%) moderately t...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Imai S,Koizumi S,Sugiura M,Tokunaga M,Uemura Y,Yamamoto N,Tanaka S,Sato E,Osato T

更新日期：1994-09-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Human workers ensure the functioning of governments around the world. The efficacy of human workers, in turn, is linked to the climatic conditions they face. Here we show that the same weather that amplifies human health hazards also reduces street-level government workers' oversight of these hazards. To do so, we emp...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Obradovich N,Tingley D,Rahwan I

更新日期：2018-08-28 00:00:00

abstract：:In the central nervous system, myelin proteolipid protein isoforms (PLP and DM20) play an essential structural role in myelination. It has been shown in several species that myelination is impaired by molecular defects resulting from single base mutations in the PLP gene. We have used DNA amplification by polymerase c...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Pham-Dinh D,Popot JL,Boespflug-Tanguy O,Landrieu P,Deleuze JF,Boué J,Jollès P,Dautigny A

更新日期：1991-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent scholarship suggests that the genomes of those around us affect our own phenotypes. Much of the empirical evidence for such "metagenomic" effects comes from animal studies, where the socio-genetic environment can be easily manipulated. Among humans, it is more difficult to identify such effects given the nonran...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Sotoudeh R,Harris KM,Conley D

更新日期：2019-08-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Ionizing radiation has been used to selectively separate the circadian oscillator function of the eye of Aplysia from some of its other functions--synchronous compound action potential (CAP) generation, the light response, synaptic transmission between photoreceptors and output neurons, and the bursting pacemaker mech...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Woolum JC,Strumwasser F

更新日期：1980-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Originally identified as an essential component of the herpes simplex virus immediate early (IE) gene enhancer complex, the transcriptional coactivator host cell factor-1 (HCF-1) has been implicated in a broad range of cellular regulatory circuits. The protein mediates activation through multiple interactions with tra...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Narayanan A,Ruyechan WT,Kristie TM

更新日期：2007-06-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Mechanical injury to the adult mammalian spinal cord results in permanent loss of structural integrity at the lesion site and of the brain-controlled function distal to the lesion. Some of these consequences were permanently averted by altering the cellular constituents at the lesion site with x-irradiation delivered ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kalderon N,Fuks Z

更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The structure of DNA toroids made of individual DNA molecules of various lengths (3,000 to 55,000 bp) was studied, by using partially filled bacteriophage capsids in conjunction with cryoelectron microscopy. The tetravalent cation spermine was diffused through the capsid to condense the DNA under conditions that were ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Leforestier A,Livolant F

更新日期：2009-06-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Respiratory cytochrome c has been found to be phosphorylated at tyrosine 97 in the postischemic brain upon neuroprotective insulin treatment, but how such posttranslational modification affects mitochondrial metabolism is unclear. Here, we report the structural features and functional behavior of a phosphomimetic cyto...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Guerra-Castellano A,Díaz-Quintana A,Pérez-Mejías G,Elena-Real CA,González-Arzola K,García-Mauriño SM,De la Rosa MA,Díaz-Moreno I

更新日期：2018-07-31 00:00:00

abstract：:Bacillus anthrax lethal toxin can be engineered to deliver foreign proteins to the cytosol for antigen presentation to CD8 T cells. Vaccination with modified toxins carrying 8-9 amino acid peptide epitopes induces protective immunity in mice. To evaluate whether large protein antigens can be used with this system, rec...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lu Y,Friedman R,Kushner N,Doling A,Thomas L,Touzjian N,Starnbach M,Lieberman J

更新日期：2000-07-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Organ graft rejection is a T-cell-dependent process. The activation of alloreactive T cells requires stimulation of the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex by foreign major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded gene products. However, accumulating evidence suggests that, in addition to T-cell receptor occupancy, other cost...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Turka LA,Linsley PS,Lin H,Brady W,Leiden JM,Wei RQ,Gibson ML,Zheng XG,Myrdal S,Gordon D

更新日期：1992-11-15 00:00:00