Abstract:
:Recent scholarship suggests that the genomes of those around us affect our own phenotypes. Much of the empirical evidence for such "metagenomic" effects comes from animal studies, where the socio-genetic environment can be easily manipulated. Among humans, it is more difficult to identify such effects given the nonrandom distribution of genes and environments. Here we leverage the as-if-random distribution of grade-mates' genomes conditional on school-level variation in a nationally representative sample. Specifically, we evaluate whether one's peers' genetic propensity to smoke affects one's own smoking behavior net of one's own genotype. Results show that peer genetic propensity to smoke has a substantial effect on an individual's smoking outcome. This is true not only when the peer group includes direct friends, and therefore where the individual plays an active role in shaping the metagenomic context but also when the peer group includes all grade-mates and thus in cases where the individual does not select the metagenomic environment. We explore these effects further and show that a small minority with high genetic risk to smoke ('bad apples') can greatly affect the smoking behavior of an entire grade. The methodology used in this paper offers a potential solution to many of the challenges inherent in estimating peer effects in nonexperimental settings and can be utilized to study a wide range of outcomes with a genetic basis. On a policy level, our results suggest that efforts to reduce adolescent smoking should take into account metagenomic effects, especially bad apples, within social networks.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Sotoudeh R,Harris KM,Conley Ddoi
10.1073/pnas.1806901116subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-08-13 00:00:00pages
16302-16307issue
33eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
1806901116journal_volume
116pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Loquacious-PD (Loqs-PD) is required for biogenesis of many endogenous siRNAs in Drosophila In vitro, Loqs-PD enhances the rate of dsRNA cleavage by Dicer-2 and also enables processing of substrates normally refractory to cleavage. Using purified components, and Loqs-PD truncations, we provide a mechanistic basis for L...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1707063114
更新日期:2017-09-19 00:00:00
abstract::It has long been recognized that a suite of proteins exists in coral skeletons that is critical for the oriented precipitation of calcium carbonate crystals, yet these proteins remain poorly characterized. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of proteins extracted from the cell-free skeleton o...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1301419110
更新日期:2013-03-05 00:00:00
abstract::In human financial and social systems, exchanges of information among individuals cause speculative bubbles, behavioral cascades, and other correlated actions that profoundly influence system-level function. Exchanges of information are also widespread in ecological systems, but their effects on ecosystem-level proces...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1615652114
更新日期:2017-05-02 00:00:00
abstract::Temporal patterning of biological variables, in the form of oscillations and rhythms on many time scales, is ubiquitous. Altering the temporal pattern of an input variable greatly affects the output of many biological processes. We develop here a conceptual framework for a quantitative understanding of such pattern de...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.19.10444
更新日期:1997-09-16 00:00:00
abstract::In the chalcone synthase gene of Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon), 150 base pairs of the 5' flanking region contain cis-acting signals for UV light-induced expression. A nuclear factor, designated CG-1, specifically recognizes a hexameric motif with internal dyad symmetry, CACGTG, located within this light-responsive se...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.18.6930
更新日期:1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The turnover rates of junctional acetylcholine receptors were measured in innervated and denervated mouse sternomastoid neuromuscular junctions by 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin binding. First, we determined that the density of labeled toxin initially bound to the neuromuscular junction was essentially unchanged up t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.4.2293
更新日期:1980-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The heavy chains of both botulinum neurotoxin type B and tetanus toxin form channels in planar bilayer membranes. These channels have pH-dependent and voltage-dependent properties that are remarkably similar to those previously described for diphtheria toxin. Selectivity experiments with anions and cations show that t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.6.1692
更新日期:1985-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A common challenge in pathogen discovery by deep sequencing approaches is to recognize viral or subviral pathogens in samples of diseased tissue that share no significant homology with a known pathogen. Here we report a homology-independent approach for discovering viroids, a distinct class of free circular RNA subvir...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1117815109
更新日期:2012-03-06 00:00:00
abstract::RNA viruses are notorious for their genetic plasticity and propensity to exploit new host-range opportunities, which can lead to the emergence of human disease epidemics such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, AIDS, dengue, and influenza. However, the mechanisms of host-range change involved in most of these viral ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0509961103
更新日期:2006-03-28 00:00:00
abstract::We have recently shown that the Alzheimer disease 40-residue amyloid beta-protein [A beta P-(1-40)] can form cation-selective channels when incorporated into planar lipid bilayers by fusion of liposomes containing the peptide. Since A beta P-(1-40) comprises portions of the putative extracellular and membrane-spanning...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.90.22.10573
更新日期:1993-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Ribozyme activity in vivo depends on achieving high-level expression, intracellular stability, target colocalization, and cleavage site access. At present, target site selection is problematic because of unforeseeable secondary and tertiary RNA structures that prevent cleavage. To overcome this design obstacle, we wis...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.091411398
更新日期:2001-05-08 00:00:00
abstract::The underpinnings of STAT3 hyperphosphorylation resulting in enhanced signaling and cancer progression are incompletely understood. Loss-of-function mutations of enzymes that dephosphorylate STAT3, such as receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases, which are encoded by the PTPR gene family, represent a plausible mechanis...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1319551111
更新日期:2014-01-21 00:00:00
abstract::Zebrafish carrying heterozygous mutations for 17 different ribosomal protein (rp) genes are prone to developing malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), a tumor type that is seldom seen in laboratory strains of zebrafish. Interestingly, the same rare tumor type arises in zebrafish that are homozygous for a l...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0805036105
更新日期:2008-07-29 00:00:00
abstract::Tissue cultures of Actinidia kolomikta can be maintained as callus through repeated passages on a nutrient medium devoid of cytokinin but containing inorganic nutrients, sucrose, and other basal organics plus auxin. Under these conditions, actively growing callus contained 2 and 0.5 nmol of the cytokinins zeatin [io(6...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.83.4.972
更新日期:1986-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Efficient single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping methods are necessary to accomplish many current gene discovery goals. A crucial element in large-scale SNP genotyping is the number of individual biochemical reactions that must be performed. An efficient method that can be used to simultaneously amplify a set...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.261710699
更新日期:2002-03-05 00:00:00
abstract::Yeast to directly convert cellulose and, especially, the microcrystalline cellulose into bioethanol, was engineered through display of minicellulosomes on the cell surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The construction and cell surface attachment of cellulosomes were accomplished with two individual miniscaffoldins to ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1209856109
更新日期:2012-08-14 00:00:00
abstract::Six overlapping cosmid clones having an average insert size of 40 kilobase pairs were identified and isolated from a human genomic library by using a cDNA probe, Alu-7, specific for the amino acid sequence of C4d, a known region of the fourth component of human complement. Analysis of these genomic clones by restricti...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.80.1.264
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::8-Oxoguanine (8OG) is efficiently bypassed by RNA polymerases in vitro and in bacterial cells in vivo, leading to mutant transcripts by directing incorporation of an incorrect nucleotide during transcription. Such transcriptional mutagenesis (TM) may produce a pool of mutant proteins. In contrast, transcription-couple...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0806464105
更新日期:2008-12-02 00:00:00
abstract::For almost a century the plant hormone auxin has been central to theories on apical dominance, whereby the growing shoot tip suppresses the growth of the axillary buds below. According to the classic model, the auxin indole-3-acetic acid is produced in the shoot tip and transported down the stem, where it inhibits bud...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1322045111
更新日期:2014-04-22 00:00:00
abstract::Recent genome-wide nucleosome mappings along with bioinformatics studies have confirmed that the DNA sequence plays a more important role in the collective organization of nucleosomes in vivo than previously thought. Yet in living cells, this organization also results from the action of various external factors like D...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0909511106
更新日期:2009-12-29 00:00:00
abstract::PH-30, a sperm surface protein involved in sperm-egg fusion, is composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, which are synthesized as precursors and processed, during sperm development, to yield the mature forms. The mature PH-30 alpha/beta complex resembles certain viral fusion proteins in membrane topology and predicte...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.90.22.10783
更新日期:1993-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic intervention. However, complete and durable responses are only seen in a fraction of patients who have cancer. A key factor that limits therapeutic success is the infiltration of tumors by cells of the myeloid lineage. The inhibitory receptor signal regulator...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1710877114
更新日期:2017-12-05 00:00:00
abstract::The adrenergic receptors (ARs) (subtypes alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, and beta 2) are a prototypic family of guanine nucleotide binding regulatory protein-coupled receptors that mediate the physiological effects of the hormone epinephrine and the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. We have previously assigned the genes for ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.87.4.1516
更新日期:1990-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Peripheral inhibitory nerves are physiological regulators of the contractile behavior of visceral smooth muscles. One of the transmitters responsible for inhibitory neurotransmission has been reputed to be a purine, possibly ATP. However, the exact identity of this substance has never been verified. Here we show that ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0705510104
更新日期:2007-10-09 00:00:00
abstract::Whole-cell voltage clamp was used to investigate the properties and spatial distribution of fast-deactivating (FD) Ca channels in squid giant fiber lobe (GFL) neurons. Squid FD Ca channels are reversibly blocked by the spider toxin omega-Agatoxin IVA with an IC50 of 240-420 nM with no effect on the kinetics of Ca chan...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.10.5067
更新日期:1996-05-14 00:00:00
abstract::A key idea in Lashley's formulation of the problem of serial order in behavior is the postulated neural representation of all serial elements before the action begins. We studied this question by recording the activity of individual neurons simultaneously in small ensembles in prefrontal cortex while monkeys copied ge...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.162485599
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The neighbor-exclusion principle is one of the most general and interesting rules describing intercalative DNA binding by small molecules. It suggests that such binding can only occur at every other base-pair site, reflecting a very large negative cooperativity in the binding process. We have carried out molecular mec...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.84.16.5735
更新日期:1987-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gradients of extracellular signaling molecules and transcription factors are used in a variety of developmental processes, including the patterning of the Drosophila embryo, the establishment of diverse neuronal cell types in the vertebrate neural tube, and the anterior-posterior patterning of vertebrate limbs. Here, ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1073/pnas.0806476105
更新日期:2008-12-23 00:00:00
abstract::The selection of a single molecular handedness, or homochirality across all living matter, is a mystery in the origin of life. Frank's seminal model showed in the '50s how chiral symmetry breaking can occur in nonequilibrium chemical networks. However, an important shortcoming in this classic model is that it consider...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2012741118
更新日期:2021-01-19 00:00:00
abstract::In epidemiological studies, both positive and negative correlations have been found between cardiovascular disease and mortality and the presence of several inorganic ions in the drinking water. In an attempt to resolve this apparent disagreement, we exposed White Carneau pigeons to drinking water containing calcium (...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.78.10.6494
更新日期:1981-10-01 00:00:00