Abstract:
:Whenever athletes willfully or accidentally ingest performance-enhancing drugs or other banned substances (such as drugs of abuse), markers of those drugs can be detected in biological samples (e.g., biofluids: urine, saliva, blood); in the case of some drugs, that evidence can be apparent for many weeks following the last exposure to the drug. In addition to the willful use of prohibited drugs, athletes can accidentally ingest banned substances in contaminated dietary supplements or foods and inadvertently fail a drug test that could mean the end of an athletic career and the loss of a good reputation. The proliferation of performance-enhancing drugs and methods has required a corresponding increase in the analytical tools and methods required to identify the presence of banned substances in biofluids. Even though extraordinary steps have been taken by organizations such as the World Anti-Doping Agency to limit the use of prohibited substances and methods by athletes willing to cheat, it is apparent that some athletes continue to avoid detection by using alternative doping regimens or taking advantage of the limitations in testing methodologies. This article reviews the testing standards and analytical techniques underlying the procedures used to identify banned substances in biological samples, setting the stage for future summaries of the testing required to establish the use of steroids, stimulants, diuretics, and other prohibited substances.
journal_name
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metabauthors
Cadwallader AB,Murray Bdoi
10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0185subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-08-01 00:00:00pages
396-404issue
4eissn
1526-484Xissn
1543-2742pii
2014-0185journal_volume
25pub_type
历史文章,杂志文章,评审abstract::Athletes competing in individual sports such as judo are categorized by weight. Before competitions, weight cutting is common. This cross-sectional study was designed to characterize and determine the prevalence of rapid weight loss (RWL) among adolescent judo competitors. Male athletes aged 12- to 17-years old (N = 1...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0196
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::African American (AA) and European American (EA) women often exhibit differences in hemoglobin (Hb) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], both of which can be altered by calorie restriction leading to weight loss. Given these known differences, it is of clinical interest to examine the potential for race-specific, advers...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0002
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Loss of muscle mass, strength, and oxidative capacity accompanies normal aging in humans. The mechanisms responsible for these changes remain to be clearly defined. Muscle protein mass and function depend on protein turnover. Synthesis rate of the major muscle contractile protein, myosin heavy chain (MHC), and transcr...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.11.s1.s119
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study compared type of habitual exercise and meal form on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) in 29 men age 19-28 yr. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and DIT response to solid-meal (bar) vs. liquid-meal (shake) ingestion were measured via indirect calorimetry; classifications were sedentary (n = 9), endurance trained (...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.21.1.11
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article describes the development, analysis, and implementation of the menu available to athletes and patrons in the main dining hall of the Athletes Village at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games and the significant role of sports dietitians in this process. Menu design and development was informed by focus groups, li...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.19.4.340
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is a commonly used clinical assessment tool for body composition and bone mineral density, which is gaining popularity in athletic cohorts. Results from body composition scans are useful for athletic populations to track training and nutritional interventions, while bone mineral densit...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0299
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D gene polymorphism has been studied for its role in determining habitual physical activity level, but there is no information from Asian populations. The objective of this study was to determine whether this ACE gene polymorphism was associated with physical activity level ...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.3.192
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of a caffeine-containing energy drink to improve physical performance of elite field hockey players during a game. On 2 days separated by a week, 13 elite field hockey players (age and body mass = 23.2 ± 3.9 years and 76.1 ± 6.1 kg) ingested 3 mg of caffeine ...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0128
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aspiring female physique athletes are often encouraged to ingest relatively high levels of dietary protein in conjunction with their resistance training programs. However, there is little to no research investigating higher versus lower protein intakes in this population. This study examined the influence of a high ve...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0389
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Iron plays an important role in thyroid hormone metabolism; thus, iron deficiency anemia may lead to alterations in resting metabolic rate (RMR). Based on this premise, two iron-deficient-anemic female athletes, 18 (A1) and 21 (A2) years of age, were supplemented with 23 mg/day of elemental iron to assess its effects ...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.10.4.434
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:This study investigated the effect of bovine colostrum (BC) on mucosal defense in the respiratory tracts of athletes and a nonexercising control group. METHODS:An athlete cohort (ATH) of 25 (12 male, 13 female) elite swimmers (age 14-23 yr) and a control cohort (CON) of 28 (9M, 19F) students (age 18-27 yr) wer...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.20.3.224
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Omega-3 Index is defined as erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and represents an individual's status in these two marine omega-3 fatty acids. A target range of 8 to 11% has been suggested, because values below predispose to cardiovascular events, especially sudden cardiac death...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0041
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:AIMS/OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the current literature via systematic review to ascertain whether amino acids/vitamins provide any influence on musculotendinous healing and if so, by which physiological mechanisms. METHODS:EBSCO, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase Classic/Embase, and MEDLINE were searched using terms including...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0267
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Assessment of physical activity in clinical bone studies is essential. Two bone-specific physical activity scoring methods, the Bone Loading History Questionnaire (BLHQ) and Bone-Specific Physical Activity Questionnaire (BPAQ), have shown correlations with bone density and geometry, but not architecture. The purpose o...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0258
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pre-exercise high carbohydrate meals with high glycemic index (HGI) or low glycemic index (LGI) on blood leukocyte redistribution during subsequent endurance exercise. Eight male subjects performed a 90-min run on a treadmill at 70 % VO2max 3 h after ingesting a...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.14.6.647
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The B-vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B-6) are necessary in the energy-producing pathways of the body, while folate and vitamin B-12 are required for the synthesis of new cells, such as the red blood cells, and for the repair of damaged cells. Active individuals with poor or marginal nutritional status for a B-...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.16.5.453
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::High-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) such as the 30-s Wingate test attenuates postprandial triacylglycerol (TG), however, the ability of shorter versions of HIIE to reduce postprandial TG is undetermined. Thus, the effect of 8-s sprinting bouts of HIIE on blood TG levels of 12 females after consumption of a hig...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0094
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We investigated the effectiveness of two lifestyle modification programs of exercise training and nutritional intake (ad libitum) on improving body composition and disease risk in overweight/obese men and women. Sixty-three subjects were weight matched and assigned to one of three groups for a 12 wk intervention: (1) ...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.16.4.373
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous research indicates that ultramarathon exercise can result in blood oxidative stress. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the efficacy of oral supplementation with quercetin, a naturally occurring compound with known antioxidant properties, as a potential countermeasure against blood oxidative str...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.18.6.601
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The main focus of this review is illness among elite athletes, how and why it occurs, and whether any measures can be taken to combat it or to prevent its onset. In particular, there is particular interest in exercise-induced immunodepression, which is a result of the immune system regarding exercise (e.g., prolonged,...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0288
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study examined the effect of amino acids in a carbohydrate beverage on cycling performance. Twelve male athletes (28.5 +/- 2.1 yr) cycled at 75% VO2peak for 90 min followed by a ride to exhaustion at 85% VO2peak, before (T1) and on 2 consecutive days (T2 and T3) after 2 weeks of supplementation with 3.6% carbohyd...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.18.5.473
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Food-based diet indices provide a practical, rapid, and inexpensive way of evaluating dietary intake. Rather than nutrients, diet indices assess the intake of whole foods and dietary patterns, and compare these with nutrition guidelines. An athlete-specific diet index would offer an efficient and practical way to asse...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0098
更新日期:2019-10-17 00:00:00
abstract::We previously reported that insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of obese individuals was associated with decreases in insulin signal transduction and tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor. Herein is reviewed the recently published data supporting the hypothesis that protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylates t...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.11.s1.s64
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study examined the physiological effects of crushed ice ingestion before steady state exercise in the heat. Ten healthy males with age (23 ± 3 y), height (176.9 ± 8.7 cm), body-mass (73.5 ± 8.0 kg), VO2peak (48.5 ± 3.6 mL∙kg∙min-1) participated in the study. Participants completed 60 min of cycling at 55% of thei...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0215
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:To compare the effects of a 3-week supplementation between two different mixtures of antioxidants and placebo on aerobic exercise performance in acute normobaric hypoxia. SUBJECTS/METHODS:Seventeen subjects were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to receive a broad-based antioxidants sup...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0118
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of acute ingestion of caffeine on short-duration high-intensity performance are equivocal, while studies of novel modes of delivery and the efficacy of low doses of caffeine are warranted. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effect of acute ingestion of caffeinated chewing gum on repeated...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0217
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::We investigated the effects of calcium supplementation and physical practice on the bone ultrasound properties and trabecular microarchitecture in children. 160 children aged 8-11 were randomly allocated to active or nonactive groups and to receive either a calcium-phosphate or a placebo powder for 6 months. Skeletal ...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.16.6.580
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::To examine the effects of a 3-day high carbohydrate (H-CHO) and low carbohydrate (L-CHO) diet on 45 min of cycling exercise, 12 endurance-trained cyclists performed a 45-min cycling exercise at 82 +/- 2% VO2peak following an overnight fast, after a 6-day diet and exercise control. The 7-day protocol was repeated under...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.14.1.62
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::With the increasing knowledge about the role of nutrition in increasing exercise performance, it has become clear over the last 2 decades that amino acids, protein, and protein hydrolysates can play an important role. Most of the attention has been focused on their effects at a muscular level. As these nutrients are i...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.s1.s1
更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To examine relationships between changes in body weight, body composition, and fitness level in male students of the general population and those in the Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program during the freshman year of college. METHODS:Thirty-seven (18.4 ± 0.7 yr) healthy, nonsmoking, first-semest...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.6.412
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00