Abstract:
:Science has always been a competitive undertaking. Despite recognition of the benefits of cooperation and team science, reduced availability of funding and jobs has made science more competitive than ever. Here we consider the benefits of competition in providing incentives to scientists and the adverse effects of competition on resource sharing, research integrity, and creativity. The history of science shows that transformative discoveries often occur in the absence of competition, which only emerges once fields are established and goals are defined. Measures to encourage collaboration and ameliorate competition in the scientific enterprise are discussed.
journal_name
Infect Immunjournal_title
Infection and immunityauthors
Fang FC,Casadevall Adoi
10.1128/IAI.02939-14subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-04-01 00:00:00pages
1229-33issue
4eissn
0019-9567issn
1098-5522pii
IAI.02939-14journal_volume
83pub_type
社论abstract::The selC tRNA gene is a common site for the insertion of pathogenicity islands in a variety of bacterial enteric pathogens. We demonstrate here that Escherichia coli that produces Shiga toxin 2d and does not harbor the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) contains, instead, a novel genomic island. In one representativ...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.69.11.6863-6873.2001
更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The outcome of coccidioidomycosis depends to a large extent on the effectiveness of the T-cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to the fungal pathogen. For this reason, identification of Coccidioides immitis antigens which stimulate T cells is important for understanding the nature of host defense against the organism a...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.66.2.424-431.1998
更新日期:1998-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of traveler's diarrhea as well as of endemic diarrhea and stunting in children in developing areas. However, a small-mammal model has been badly needed to better understand and assess mechanisms, vaccines, and interventions. We report a murine model of ETEC diar...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.00183-18
更新日期:2018-06-21 00:00:00
abstract::ATP and UTP have been proposed for use as therapeutic treatment of the abnormal ion transport in the airway epithelium in cystic fibrosis (CF), the most characteristic feature of which is permanent infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As for diverse gram-negative bacteria, this pathogenic bacterium accumulates diffusi...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.67.10.5076-5082.1999
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::We isolated a monoclonal antibody directed against the ferric complex of aerobactin purified from Escherichia coli KH576. This antibody, which we designated MAb AERO1, was identified as an immunoglobulin G, subtype 2. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with MAb AERO1 had a limit of 10 nM for the detection...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.60.3.768-772.1992
更新日期:1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously described (L. M. Vaughan, P. R. Smith, and T. J. Foster, Infect. Immun. 61:2172-2181, 1993) the construction of a kanamycin-resistant aromatic-dependent mutant of Aeromonas salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis, and its use as a live vaccine. Here we describe the construction of an unmark...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.64.9.3863-3869.1996
更新日期:1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes causes meningoencephalitis in humans. In rodents, listeriosis is associated with granulomatous lesions in the liver and the spleen, but not with meningoencephalitis. Here, infant rats were infected intracisternally to generate experimental listeric meningoencephalitis. Dose-depende...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.69.6.4086-4093.2001
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Fcγ receptor IIIb (FcγRIIIb) is a low-affinity receptor of IgG and is essential in neutrophil-mediated effector functions. Different allelic forms of FcγRIIIb carrying human neutrophil antigen (HNA-1a, -1b, -1c, and -1d) have been identified. Here, we have generated stable transfected HEK293 cell lines expressing ...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.00924-17
更新日期:2018-07-23 00:00:00
abstract::The flavivirus dengue and the arenavirus Junin are both associated with a hemorrhagic shock syndrome in man. We have demonstrated the replication of these viruses in vitro in both rabbit and human endothelial cells by viral titers and immunofluorescent antibody studies. Rabbit endothelium established in continuous cul...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.20.3.776-781.1978
更新日期:1978-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although cryptococcosis is characterized as a chronic central nervous system disease, it is generally accepted that the lungs are the primary portal of entry for the etiological agent. Despite this, there is a distinct lack of evidence that viable airborne particles of Cryptococcus neoformans are small enough to reach...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.17.3.634-638.1977
更新日期:1977-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against herpes simplex virus (HSV) were induced in vitro from human peripheral blood lymphocytes by stimulation with HSV antigen. CTL generated by HSV type 1 (HSV-1) antigen stimulation killed not only HSV-1-infected target cells but also HSV type 2 (HSV-2)-infected target cells, though a...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.40.1.190-197.1983
更新日期:1983-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The infection of HeLa 229 cells in monolayer culture with trachoma (B/TW-5/OT) and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) (L2/434/Bu) organism was studied in terms of two parameters: radioactivity counts of cell-associated tritium labeled organisms at the initial stage of inoculation for measurement of attachment, and inclusi...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.13.4.1103-1109.1976
更新日期:1976-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis is an important bacterial cause of otitis media in children and lower respiratory tract infections in adults. In this study, we describe the presence of a novel high-molecular-weight outer membrane protein (HMW-OMP). This protein varies from 350 to 720 kDa in apparent molecular mass...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.62.4.1150-1155.1994
更新日期:1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Yersinia enterocolitica gsrA gene is a stress protein gene which was originally identified as essential for protecting cells under both extracellular environmental stress and intracellular stress in macrophages due to phagocytosis. The gsrA gene was shown to be a member of the htrA class of genes and to possess a ...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.65.6.2190-2196.1997
更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bordetella pertussis, the etiological agent of whooping cough, has the ability to modulate its phenotype in response to environmental conditions by using the BvgAS sensory transduction system which is encoded by the vir locus (now known as bvg). The BvgAS system is part of a large family of two-component sensory trans...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.63.10.3780-3789.1995
更新日期:1995-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a leading, worldwide cause of death and disability due to pneumonia. Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in mice is an invaluable model for the study of host defenses against respiratory mycoplasmas in vivo. C3H/HeN mice are much more susceptible to acute inflammatory lung disease due to M. pulmonis...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.63.10.4138-4142.1995
更新日期:1995-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain disrupted in the AraC homologue Rv1931c was isolated. The mutant strain exhibited reduced survival both in macrophages and in a mouse infection model, with survival being restored on complementation with the Rv1931c gene. These results suggest that Rv1931c regulates genes important ...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.72.9.5483-5486.2004
更新日期:2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously shown that chinchillas infected with a multiply passaged laboratory strain of influenza A/NWS/33 (H1N1) develop negative middle-ear pressure; polymorphonuclear leukocyte oxidative, bactericidal, and chemotactic dysfunction; and increased susceptibility to pneumococcal otitis media. Because influenza...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.41.3.913-920.1983
更新日期:1983-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dissemination of Leishmania within the host is related to parasites undergoing unchecked proliferation. We therefore studied the effects of oxidant generating systems on promastigote multiplication by (i) direct determinations of organism proliferation and (ii) the incorporation of [3H]uracil into promastigote nucleop...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.36.3.1023-1027.1982
更新日期:1982-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Humans infected with the dimorphic fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis develop strong T-lymphocyte responses to WI-1, an immunodominant antigen that has been shown to elicit protective immunity in mice. In the present study, the T-cell epitopes of WI-1 and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) restricting elements that display th...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/iai.68.2.502-510.2000
更新日期:2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a genetic disorder of NADPH oxidase in which phagocytes are defective in generating reactive oxidants. CGD patients suffer from recurrent infections and exuberant and persistent tissue granuloma formation. We hypothesized that abnormal granulomata in CGD may result from aberrant ...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Peroxidase-conjugated antibodies were found to be as sensitive as those conjugated to fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) for identification of selected enterovirus types by the indirect technique. Peroxidase conjugates, however, were found to give fewer nonspecific reactions. The reasons for the higher specificity of t...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.10.1.220-226.1974
更新日期:1974-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The host immune response plays an important role in the onset and progression of cerebral malaria (CM). The complement system is an essential component of the innate immune response to malaria, and its activation generates the anaphylatoxin C5a. To test the hypothesis that C5a signaling contributes to the pathogenesis...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.01246-13
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Protective immunity in mice to the infective third-stage larvae (L3) of Strongyloides stercoralis was shown to be dependent on immunoglobulin M (IgM), complement activation, and granulocytes. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether IgG was also a protective antibody isotype and to define the spec...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/iai.71.12.6835-6843.2003
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spiroplasmas were propagated in the Drosophila melanogaster cell line Dm-1. Spiroplasma citri and unidentified strains (corn shunt organism, 277F [tick isolate], powder puff, BNR-1, honey bee, and OBMG) grew to 10(8) to 10(9) colony-forming units per ml and could be passaged. Cytopathic effect (CPE) varied with the in...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.35.1.296-304.1982
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this study we have investigated the antibody and CD4 T-cell responses to the well-characterized malaria vaccine candidate MSP-1 during the course of a primary Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi (AS) infection. Specific antibody responses can be detected within the first week of infection, and CD4 T cells can be detected ...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.69.4.2245-2251.2001
更新日期:2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax disease, is a proven weapon of bioterrorism. Currently, the only licensed vaccine against anthrax in the United States is AVA Biothrax, which, although efficacious, suffers from several limitations. This vaccine requires six injectable doses over 18 months to stimul...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.00828-08
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cells of the laboratory strain 3153A of Candida albicans can be stimulated to undergo high-frequency phenotypic switching by a low dose of UV. We have compared the adhesive properties of cells exhibiting the basic original smooth (o-smooth) phenotype and three switch phenotypes (star, irregular wrinkle, and revertant ...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.62.4.1328-1335.1994
更新日期:1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cell wall lytic enzyme (Kyowa lytic no. 2 enzyme) liberated arthritogenic hydrosoluble peptidoglycans from both arthritogenic and non-arthritogenic bacterial cell walls. From these cell walls, mutanolysin (peptidoglycan-degrading enzyme) also liberated hydrosoluble peptidoglycans which, however, lacked arthritogenicit...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.16.3.861-866.1977
更新日期:1977-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Escherichia coli strains expressing the K1 capsule are a major cause of sepsis and meningitis in human neonates. The development of these diseases is dependent on the expression of a range of virulence factors, many of which remain uncharacterized. Here, we show that all but 1 of 34 E. coli K1 neonatal isolates carrie...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.00716-15
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00