Abstract：
:In recent years it has become apparent that aminoacyl-tRNAs are not only crucial components involved in protein biosynthesis, but are also used as substrates and amino acid donors in a variety of other important cellular processes, ranging from bacterial cell wall biosynthesis and lipid modification to protein turnover and secondary metabolite assembly. In this review, we focus on tRNA-dependent biosynthetic pathways that generate modified cyclic dipeptides (CDPs). The essential peptide bond-forming catalysts responsible for the initial generation of a CDP-scaffold are referred to as cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) and use loaded tRNAs as their substrates. After initially discussing the phylogenetic distribution and organization of CDPS gene clusters, we will focus on structural and catalytic properties of CDPSs before turning to two recently characterized CDPS-dependent pathways that assemble modified CDPs. Finally, possible applications of CDPSs in the rational design of structural diversity using combinatorial biosynthesis will be discussed before concluding with a short outlook.
journal_name
Int J Mol Scijournal_title
International journal of molecular sciencesauthors
Giessen TW,Marahiel MAdoi
10.3390/ijms150814610subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-08-21 00:00:00pages
14610-31issue
8issn
1422-0067pii
ijms150814610journal_volume
15pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Plants are constantly subjected to a variety of environmental stresses and have evolved regulatory responses to overcome unfavorable conditions that might reduce or adversely change a plant's growth or development. Among these, the regulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a signaling molecule occurs du...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2019-03-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurological disorders are the most devastating and challenging diseases associated with the central nervous system (CNS). The blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintains homeostasis of the brain and contributes towards the maintenance of a very delicate microenvironment, impairing the transport of many therapeutics into the ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2020-08-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Class I and II histone deacetylases (HDAC) are considered important regulators of immunity and inflammation. Modulation of HDAC expression and activity is associated with altered inflammatory responses but reports are controversial and the specific impact of single HDACs is not clear. We examined class I and II HDACs ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21238943
更新日期：2020-11-25 00:00:00
abstract：:The transmembrane protein cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is the terminal oxidase in the respiratory chain of many aerobic organisms and catalyzes the reduction of dioxygen to water. This process maintains an electrochemical proton gradient across the membrane hosting the oxidase. CcO is a well-established model enzyme in ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2020-09-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Primitive erythrocytes are the first hematopoietic cells observed during ontogeny and are produced specifically in the yolk sac. Primitive erythrocytes express distinct hemoglobins compared with adult erythrocytes and circulate in the blood in the nucleated form. Hematopoietic stem cells produce adult-type (so-called ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2020-12-08 00:00:00
abstract：:In many social anxiety disorder (SAD) patients, the efficacy of antidepressant therapy is unsatisfactory. Here, we investigated whether mice deficient for the lysosomal glycoprotein acid sphingomyelinase (ASM-/-) represent an appropriate tool to study antidepressant-resistant social fear. We also investigated whether ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
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更新日期：2020-11-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Metformin is known to alleviate hepatosteatosis by inducing 5' adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-kinase-independent, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-mediated autophagy. Dysfunctional mitophagy in response to glucolipotoxicities might play an important role in hepatosteatosis. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which metformin induc...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
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abstract：:Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. The neuropathological features of PD are selective and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, deficiencies in striatal dopamine levels, and the presence of intracellular Lewy bodies. Interactions am...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2020-09-29 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
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更新日期：2017-04-20 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
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更新日期：2014-04-22 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2018-06-30 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2019-07-23 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20071532
更新日期：2019-03-27 00:00:00
abstract：: Mono-saturated polyprenols (dolichols) have been found in almost all Eukaryotic cells, however, dolichols containing additional saturated bonds at the ω-end, have been identified in A.fumigatus and A.niger. Here we confirm using an LC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis, that poly-saturated dolichols are abundant in other fila...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20123043
更新日期：2019-06-21 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms17101629
更新日期：2016-09-24 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20205218
更新日期：2019-10-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Multifactorial metabolic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, are a major burden to modern societies, and frequently present with no clearly defined molecular biomarkers. Herein we used system medicine approaches to decipher signatures of liver fibrosis in mouse models with malfunction in genes from un...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms22020832
更新日期：2021-01-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
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更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21176231
更新日期：2020-08-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Melatonin (MT; N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a pleiotropic signaling molecule that has been demonstrated to play an important role in plant growth, development, and regulation of environmental stress responses. Studies have been conducted on the role of the exogenous application of MT in a few species, but the pote...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
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journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
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更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chitooligosaccharide (COS), which is acknowledged for possessing multiple functions, is a kind of low-molecular-weight polymer prepared by degrading chitosan via enzymatic, chemical methods, etc. COS has comprehensive applications in various fields including food, agriculture, pharmacy, clinical therapy, and environme...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2018-07-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Epidermal keratinocytes represent a rich source of C-C motif chemokine 20 (CCL20) and recruit CCR6+ interleukin (IL)-17A-producing T cells that are known to be pathogenic for psoriasis. A previous study revealed that scratch injury on keratinocytes upregulates CCL20 production, which is implicated in the Koebner pheno...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21020434
更新日期：2020-01-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common type of primary and malignant tumor occurring in the adult central nervous system. GBM often invades surrounding regions of the brain during its early stages, making successful treatment difficult. Osthole, an active constituent isolated from the dried C. monnieri fruit...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
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更新日期：2014-03-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that contribute to immune protection by cytosis, cytokine secretion, and regulation of adaptive responses of T cells. NK cells distinguish between healthy and ill cells, and generate a cytotoxic response, being cumulatively regulated by environmental signals delivered t...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2019-02-02 00:00:00
abstract：:MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in plant reproduction. However, knowledge on microRNAome analysis in autotetraploid rice is rather limited. Here, high-throughput sequencing technology was employed to analyze miRNAomes during pollen development in diploid and polyploid rice. A total of 172 differentially expressed mi...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms17040499
更新日期：2016-04-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Besides an antigen-presenting function and ability to induce antitumor immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) possess a direct tumoricidal activity. We previously reported that monocyte-derived IFNα-induced DCs (IFN-DCs) of glioblastoma multiforme patients express low levels of membrane TNFα molecule (mTNFα) and have...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21082898
更新日期：2020-04-21 00:00:00
abstract：:The tear film represents the interface between the eye and the environment. The alteration of the delicate balance that regulates the secretion and distribution of the tear film determines the dry eye (DE) syndrome. Despite having a multifactorial origin, the main risk factors are female gender and advanced age. Likew...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2017-08-13 00:00:00
abstract：:In excitable tissues, the endogenous dipeptide carnosine (CAR, β-Ala-l-His) sustains homeostatic responses to various challenges. By eliciting hypoglycemic effects via actions on the autonomic nervous system and protection of pancreatic beta-cells, CAR is also relevant in diabetes. We investigated the expression of ge...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms19061713
更新日期：2018-06-09 00:00:00
