Abstract：
:Biological interference among viral agents might have significant implications for disease prevention and therapy. Field data for influenza yield conflicting evidence concerning the independence of infection rates, or disease severity, for two co-circulating viruses. To examine the effects of several assumed modes of interference for influenza, simulations of a Monte Carlo micropopulation model of influenza epidemics have been performed. Model parameters were selected so that the simulated attack rates for each of two different viral strains matched actual field data. Rates of infection were compared for single agents and for two viruses with only behavioural interference. Other simulations included temporary immunity to the other virus for the duration of the infection, and/or reduced shedding of viral particles for dual infections. Simulated viral competition had little impact on epidemic severity, duration, or size distribution. Under the conditions studied, viral interference in natural populations would be difficult to infer from field observations of attack rates. Other simulations extended a partial immunity and/or reduced viral shedding during an infection with a second virus. These indicated that interference might be suggested by field data, but it could not be demonstrated conclusively. Still other simulations showed that for epidemics with much higher attack rates for both viruses, it would be relatively easy to demonstrate interference. However, in order to observe interference between influenza strains, it would be necessary to monitor on an almost daily basis, using a method of viral detection which would have to be both highly specific and also very sensitive.
journal_name
Int J Epidemioljournal_title
International journal of epidemiologyauthors
Ackerman E,Longini IM Jr,Seaholm SK,Hedin ASdoi
10.1093/ije/19.2.444subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1990-06-01 00:00:00pages
444-54issue
2eissn
0300-5771issn
1464-3685journal_volume
19pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:In the use of the case-study or problem-solving method of teaching epidemiology, the technique of the 'blind' problem, namely the withholding of the diagnosis of the disease until the end, presents many advantages. The student is forced to confront the purely epidemiological data without being prejudiced by his precon...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/4.4.253
更新日期：1975-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:At the request of the COMAC EPID committee of the Commission of the European Communities the author visited all the countries of the EEC except Luxembourg in 1983-84 in order to prepare a report on 'Upgrading in epidemiology'. The report was presented at a meeting organized by COMAC EPID in April 1984 and subsequently...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/15.4.449
更新日期：1986-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Samples of railroad male employees aged 40-59 were examined from companies operating in the northwest quadrant of the US in the late 1950s (n = 2571), and in Rome and surroundings. Italy in the early 1960s (n = 768) in an international co-operative study on cardiovascular diseases. METHODS:A number of cardi...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1093/ije/24.3.515
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cirrhosis mortality death rates in Ontario for ages 20 and over declined from a high of 9.3 per 100,000 in 1911 to a low of 5.6 per 100,000 in 1919 (p less than 0.001) and after a 17-year period of relative stability, rose steadily to a high of 19.7 per 100,000 in 1975 (p less than 0.0001) and then declined to 13.3 pe...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/20.1.199
更新日期：1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This report gives the results of a health interview survey using a recall interval of one month, in Rural Cameroon carried out between 5 November 1973 and 7 March 1974 on a random selection of 1886 families with 9362 individuals. The disease prevalence in the study area (a positive illness rate of 27.8 percent for a f...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/6.3.235
更新日期：1977-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interrupted time series designs are a valuable quasi-experimental approach for evaluating public health interventions. Interrupted time series extends a single group pre-post comparison by using multiple time points to control for underlying trends. But history bias-confounding by unexpected events occurring at the sa...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyaa152
更新日期：2021-01-23 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Hand dominance and spinal posture were studied for their prediction of the development of thoracic hyperkyphosis during the pubertal growth spurt. METHODS:The cohort consisted of all the fourth-grade school children of the Western School District of Helsinki, Finland, in the spring of 1986. They were examin...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/24.6.1178
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Data from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based, case-control study of breast cancer in African-American and white women residents of North Carolina, were evaluated to determine whether specific aspects of lactation are associated with a reduction in the risk of breast cancer. METHODS:Analyse...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/28.3.396
更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ratio of test statistics has been used to compare the efficiency of matched and unmatched designs, and stratified and pooled analyses for case-control studies. The index has been computed for a wide range of population conditions and it is concluded that (a) pooled analysis is always more efficient than stratified...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/13.2.229
更新日期：1984-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have studied cytosolic low molecular weight phosphotyrosine phosphatase (cLMWPTP or ACP1) in 364 healthy puerperae from the population of Penne, in 155 diabetic puerperae from the population of Rome and in 349 consecutive normal newborn infants from the population of Rome. The data from these independent samples po...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1093/ije/30.2.400
更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Longitudinal cohort studies in sub-Saharan Africa are urgently needed to understand cardiovascular disease development. We, therefore, explored health behaviours and conventional risk factors of African individuals with optimal blood pressure (BP) (≤ 120/80 mm Hg), and their 5-year prediction for the develop...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dys106
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aboriginal communities have a high prevalence of upper and lower respiratory tract disease. One thousand two hundred and eighty seven West Australian Aborigines and 265 non-Aborigines were examined. Twenty nine per cent of Aborigines had lower respiratory tract abnormalities. Amongst 635 Aboriginal children less than ...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/12.1.105
更新日期：1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Several studies have been conducted to estimate the population prevalence of hypertension, or its diagnosis and treatment. There is no multinationally comparable information on the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia, or its diagnosis and treatment, since individual studies are often not directly comparable....
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyi056
更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Since 1997, an unexpected 2-5-fold increase in the incidence of pertussis has been reported in Poland in comparison with the previous 10 years, although the introduction of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccination in 1960 reduced the incidence of pertussis approximately 100-fold in the 1980s. The a...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyh012
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent developments in statistics have produced powerful methods that facilitate the analysis of longitudinal studies. These methods are illustrated by an analysis of a longitudinal study of blood pressure in children. The results of the study show a clear tendency for blood pressure to increase with age, and Asian ch...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/8.1.15
更新日期：1979-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:Bloodstream infections (BSI) cause considerable morbidity and mortality, and primary prevention should be a priority. Lifestyle factors are of particular interest since they represent a modifiable target. Methods:We conducted a prospective cohort study among participants in the population-based Norwegian HU...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyx091
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Recent studies suggest that small newborns who present rapid postnatal growth may have an increased risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. On the other hand, it is widely assumed that catch-up growth is desirable for low birthweight children, but the literature on this subject is limited. METHODS:Population...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/30.6.1325
更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/18.3.498
更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Prolonged breastfeeding in developing countries is routinely recommended as a valuable and cost-effective public health measure to promote early childhood growth. However, the effects of breastfeeding beyond 12 months are unclear, with some studies showing positive, and some showing negative effects. The rol...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/27.3.484
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1093/ije/dyw273
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/23.6.1111
更新日期：1994-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyp262
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/20.1.60
更新日期：1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The role of rotavirus in non-bacterial gastroenteritis in Kuwait was investigated. Employing electronmicroscopy (EM) and enzyme-linked-immuno-sorbent-assay (ELISA) techniques, the virus was detected in the stools of 42 of 274 (15.3%) infants with the disease. A statistically significant association (P less than 0.05) ...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/9.4.355
更新日期：1980-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The published data for overall cancer incidence for the registries of Birmingham (UK) and Connecticut (US) show remarkable similarity for men but diverge for women. The incidence of cancer of the endometrium, ovary and breast in Connecticut is higher than in Birmingham, and in each case the menopausal dislocation in t...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/5.3.231
更新日期：1976-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:Most Chinese people over 55 years old today have experienced the Great Leap Forward Famine of 1959-61. Many reports suggested that the famine could have profound long-term health effects for exposed birth cohorts. A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to summarize reported famine effects on l...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1093/ije/dyx013
更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Live vaccines may have beneficial non-specific effects. We tested whether the live measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine compared with the non-live diphtheria-tetanus-acellular-pertussis-inactivated-polio-Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTaP-IPV-Hib) vaccine as the most recent vaccine was ass...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyz062
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth is commonly used as a proxy for fetal growth restriction, but also includes constitutionally small infants. Genetic factors account for almost half of the risk of SGA birth. We estimated perinatal risks of SGA birth using both population-based and within-sibling analyses...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyy196
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This cohort profile describes the origins, tracing, recruitment, testing and follow-up of the University of Edinburgh-based Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 (LBC1921; N = 550) and 1936 (LBC1936; N = 1091). The participants undertook a general intelligence test at age 11 years and were recruited for these cohorts at mean ...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyr197
更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Increased mortality is associated with both very low and very high ambient temperatures. This study assesses the relationship between daily numbers of deaths and variations in ambient temperature within the city of Valencia. METHODS:The daily number of deaths from all causes (total deaths and only those occ...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/26.3.551
更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00
