Abstract：
CONTEXT:The unbiased selection of images representing a spectrum of diagnostic difficulty is an important first step in designing effective assessment and teaching interventions for X-ray interpretation. OBJECTIVES:This study aimed to develop a scale that would reliably differentiate more difficult X-rays from those that are easier to interpret. METHODS:After pilot testing, an X-ray difficulty scale (XRDS) was developed. Raters of different learner levels from two universities were presented with 20 chest X-rays (CXRs) and asked to read them and then to answer the scale questions that would help to differentiate the level of difficulty of interpretation of each film. Reliability of the scale was evaluated. Face validity of the scale was assessed and the construct validity of two hypotheses was tested. RESULTS:The final scale consisted of five questions in which a given X-ray could score from--10 (most difficult) to + 10 (easiest to interpret) by a single rater. Raters included 53 medical students, 10 paediatric residents and 10 emergency staff. The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (r = 0.94), inter-rater reliability (r = 0.95) and overall reliability (r = 0.90) in medical students. Construct validity testing demonstrated good correlation (r = 0.72) between diagnostic accuracy and mean XRDS score. Mean scores on the scale were significantly lower (indicating that CXRs were more difficult to interpret) for students than for resident and staff doctors (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS:The scale developed in this study serves as a reliable and valid tool for categorising CXRs according to diagnostic difficulty, which reduces the bias inherent in the process of selecting radiographs by expert opinion alone.
journal_name
Med Educjournal_title
Medical educationauthors
Boutis K,Pecaric M,Pusic Mdoi
10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03311.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-05-01 00:00:00pages
434-41issue
5eissn
0308-0110issn
1365-2923pii
MED3311journal_volume
43pub_type
杂志文章abstract：OBJECTIVE:This instalment in the series on professional assessment provides an introduction to methods of setting standards. METHOD:A standard is a special score that serves as a boundary between those who perform well enough and those who do not. The practical steps in selecting it include: deciding on the type of st...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2923.2003.01495.x
更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Associations between language background, English language proficiency and medical communication skills were investigated in a group of 149 third year undergraduate medical students studying at an Australian university. Written and aural English proficiency were assessed with the Screening Test for Adolescent Language...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1997.tb02922.x
更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although computer marking of MCQ papers is common practice and is popular because of its accuracy, speed and the fact that detailed statistical analysis can be carried out painlessly, there is still a major role for hand-scoring. A computer and computer time are not always immediately available and some form of data c...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1983.tb01111.x
更新日期：1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:arts-based interventions, which aim to foster understanding of the patient's perspective and to enhance communication skills, have been part of the medical curriculum for several years. This review aims to evaluate the available evidence base for their effectiveness and to suggest the nature of future work. ME...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03848.x
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interactive video is a new teaching medium that has much potential in medical education. Hitherto, the realization of this potential has been restrained by lack of awareness among medical teachers of the advantageous features provided and how to implement them, while computer specialists lack the required medical know...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1991.tb00044.x
更新日期：1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ten psychiatrists and 15 family doctors were asked to score videotapes of patient-doctor encounters before and after each of two training periods. One period focused on the theory of assessment of doctors' interpersonal skills, while the other was purely practical. Results indicate that after one training session in e...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1990.tb02454.x
更新日期：1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:In relation to pre-registration house officer (PRHO) rotations incorporating general practice, previous research has recommended that where possible, no PRHO should undertake general practice as the first placement, because of the difficulties encountered. It was recognized that logistically, this could make su...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2923.2001.00922.x
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The GMC's publications The New Doctor (GMC 1997) outlines an approach for the education of Pre-registration House Officers using designated educational supervisors. In order to establish appropriate means of training consultants to undertake this role, the Centre for Postgraduate and Continuing Medical Education at th...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2923.1998.00209.x
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A postal survey about opinions of quality assurance and the methods used to teach this subject was sent to all family practice course organizers in England, Wales and Scotland, and to all family practice residency directors in the USA. Opinions of quality assurance were more positive from the American responders. A wi...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1990.tb00010.x
更新日期：1990-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:At the University of Queensland all medical students in their fifth year rotate through a 2-week attachment to a general practitioner tutor as part of the course in community practice. As a means of learning from this experience each student records information in a log diary on seventy-five consecutive patients seen,...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1984.tb00976.x
更新日期：1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:Prior studies suggest that clinicians can categorise patients in an emergency room as 'sick' or 'not sick' using rapid visual assessment. The rapid nature of these decisions suggests clinicians are relying on pattern recognition or System 1 processing; however, this has not been studied experimentally. In this ...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/medu.13396
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:Patients may participate in teaching in many ways, in different settings and with different degrees of expert supervision. The majority of patients are generally very willing to participate in teaching. At times, however, patients may decline to see students because they are too sick, wish to maintain their pri...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02948.x
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study was conducted to provide in-depth information on the reliabilities of measures of the separate components of clinical competence (e.g. data collection, test interpretation, diagnosis, etc.) assessed by a performance-based examination consisting of standardized-patient cases administered to five class...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1991.tb00071.x
更新日期：1991-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of consistency in student ratings of teacher effectiveness during the first year of medical school. Student ratings of teaching effectiveness represent a commonly used source of information that enters into the academic decision-making process. In medical school, stud...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1988.tb00419.x
更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:Simulated clinical immersion (SCI), in which clinical situations are simulated in a realistic environment, safely and gradually exposes novices to complex problems. Given their limited experience, undergraduate students can potentially be quite overwhelmed by SCI learning tasks, which may result in misleading l...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/medu.13748
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In order to assess the effectiveness of videotapes in teaching mental state examination, two groups of medical students, one who had received videotape teaching and one not exposed to videotapes, are compared in their ability to observe accurately the mental state during a live interview. Accuracy of observation was a...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1979.tb01442.x
更新日期：1979-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A new teaching programme for fourth-year medical students in child health in Harare, Zimbabwe is outlined. A 2-week attachment to a rural district-level hospital is intended to orient the students to primary health care and to the practice of clinical medicine in a low resource environment. The attachment has become p...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1987.tb00506.x
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) students often experience difficulties with the clinical communication skills that are essential for successful interactions in the workplace. However, there is little evidence on the effectiveness of assessment and intervention strategies for this population. The ...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/medu.13117
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Homeless people have greater health care needs than those who are housed, yet often experience difficulty in accessing health care. Evidence suggests that the attitudes of doctors can create significant barriers to health care for homeless people. METHODS:A validated structured questionnaire, the Attitudes ...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2923.2003.01625.x
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the context of a curriculum reform the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Leuven, Belgium, introduced a new teaching project: video-supported small-group learning on problem-solving and clinical reasoning. The aim of this study is to reflect 20 years experience. The video-supported sessions for sixth-year med...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2923.1998.00219.x
更新日期：1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper reviews some of the problems confronting medical education in Spain and some of the steps which have been taken to improve the current situation which is of serious concern to the Government, the Medical Colleges, the University, and the community generally. ...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1980.tb02250.x
更新日期：1980-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To follow the progress of young female adolescents, as risk-taking standardised patients (SPs), and to monitor for adverse affects that role-playing may have on the adolescents. METHODS:A prospective design was used in which 11 female adolescents, aged 13-15 years, were recruited from 2 schools. The adolesce...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02343.x
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Evaluation of courses tends to emphasize individual teacher behaviour and/or student reaction to the course. To avoid this approach a technique to determine student expectations and the degree to which the expectations were or were not met by the course was used. In addition, student perceptions of laboratory teaching...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1986.tb01173.x
更新日期：1986-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To establish which personal and contextual factors are predictive of successful outcomes in postgraduate medical education. METHOD:We performed a follow-up study of 118 doctors on a postgraduate occupational health training programme on the management of mental health problems. The following personal and conte...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2929.2004.01846.x
更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:Significant shortcomings have been noted in the literature in communication skills training for practising doctors. Given the importance of competent communication to the doctor-patient relationship and health care in general, these shortcomings should be addressed in future research. OBJECTIVE:Research into p...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01331.x
更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Medical students must develop not only their professional identity but also inclusive social attitudes for effective medical practice in the future. This study explores the elements that contribute to medical students' sense of professional identity and investigates the concept of social exclusivity and how ...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04046.x
更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To describe the ways in which total resources available for the Service Increment for Teaching (SIFT) have been determined and related to numbers of undergraduate medical students; and the development and current arrangements for allocating SIFT to the providers of service support for teaching. DESIGN:The d...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2923.1999.00310.x
更新日期：1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:The Clinical Teaching Effectiveness Instrument (CTEI) was developed to evaluate the quality of the clinical teaching of educators. Its authors reported evidence supporting content and criterion validity and found favourable reliability findings. We tested the validity and reliability of this instrument in ...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02245.x
更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:Despite evidence for the predictive value of both pre-admission characteristics and past performance at medical school, their relative contribution to predicting medical school performance has not been thoroughly investigated. OBJECTIVES:This study was designed to determine the relative importance of pre-admis...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/medu.12779
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:The challenge of ensuring 'fair' selection processes confronts all medical schools around the globe. In the UK, historical analyses suggest applicants who are male, non-White, and from less advantaged socio-economic and school backgrounds have been less likely to be offered a place at medical school. We provide...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/medu.12981
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
