Abstract：
:Anxiety disorders, particularly panic disorder (PD), are associated with respiratory abnormalities. PD consists of unexpected panic attacks (PA) with anxiety, fear and many autonomic and respiratory symptoms. There is a substantial body of literature demonstrating that stimulation of respiration is a common event in panic disorder patients during PA. A number of abnormalities in respiration, such as enhanced CO(2) sensitivity, have been detected in PD patients. As a result, some investigators advanced that there is a fundamental abnormality in the physiological mechanisms that control breathing in PD. Studies indicate that PD patients with dominant respiratory symptoms are particularly sensitive to respiratory tests compared with those who do not manifest dominant respiratory symptoms, possibly representing a distinct subtype. Accumulated evidence suggests that respiratory physiology remains normal in PD patients and that their tendency to hyperventilate and to react with panic to respiratory stimulants like CO(2) represents the triggering of a hypersensitive fear network. However, some recent evidences support the presence of subclinical abnormalities in respiration and other functions related to body homeostasis. The fear network, composed by the hippocampus, the medial prefrontal cortex, the amygdala and its brainstem projections, may be abnormally sensitive in PD patients. This theory might explain why both medication and psychosocial therapies are clearly effective. The evidence of abnormalities in several neurochemical systems might be just the expression of the complex interactions among brain circuits. Our aim was to review the relationship between respiration and panic disorder, addressing the respiratory subtype of panic disorder, the hyperventilation syndrome, the respiratory challenge tests, the current mechanistic concepts and the pharmacological implications.
journal_name
Respir Physiol Neurobioljournal_title
Respiratory physiology & neurobiologyauthors
Nardi AE,Freire RC,Zin WAdoi
10.1016/j.resp.2008.07.011subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-05-30 00:00:00pages
133-43issue
1eissn
1569-9048issn
1878-1519pii
S1569-9048(08)00199-7journal_volume
167pub_type
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更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s1569-9048(03)00027-2
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pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.resp.2008.12.005
更新日期：2009-02-28 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2008-12-31 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.resp.2004.12.002
更新日期：2005-04-15 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2009-05-15 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.resp.2008.08.010
更新日期：2008-12-31 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.resp.2008.01.003
更新日期：2008-04-30 00:00:00
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journal_title：Respiratory physiology & neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2011-12-15 00:00:00
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更新日期：2003-10-16 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2013-09-15 00:00:00
