Peer and college-student tutoring as reinforcement in a token economy.

abstract：:Subjects were asked to read a passage orally and then to answer questions about the passage. When praise and pennies were given for correct answers, the percentage of correct answers increased in two sixth-grade subjects whose reading for comprehension was tested to be 2 yr below grade level. The behavior of these sub...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Lahey BB,McNees MP,Brown CC

更新日期：1973-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Individuals may prefer contexts with the option to choose between 2 reinforcing stimuli or between 2 tasks relative to contexts in which others select the same events. We evaluated children's preferences for conditions characterized by (a) the opportunity to choose between tasks and (b) the opportunity to choose betwe...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Fenerty KA,Tiger JH

更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A mathematical model of operant choice, the generalized matching law was used to analyze play-calling data from the 2004 National Football League season. In all analyses, the relative ratio of passing to rushing plays was examined as a function of the relative ratio of reinforcement, defined as yards gained, from pass...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Reed DD,Critchfield TS,Martens BK

更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An ABAB design was used to assess the effects of a tactile prompting device (i.e., a vibrating pager) as a prompt for the social initiations of 3 children with autism during free-play activities with typically developing peers. Results indicated that the tactile prompt was effective in increasing verbal initiations fo...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Shabani DB,Katz RC,Wilder DA,Beauchamp K,Taylor CR,Fischer KJ

更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The prevalence of obesity continues to increase in the United States (Gordon-Larsen, The, & Adair, 2010). Obesity can be attributed, in part, to overconsumption of energy-dense foods. Given that overeating plays a role in the development of obesity, interventions that teach individuals to identify and consume appropri...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Hausman NL,Borrero JC,Fisher A,Kahng S

更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Five fifth-grade students tutored five kindergarten children in basic arithmetic skills for 7.5 weeks. A control group consisted of five kindergarten children who received no tutoring and were matched with the experimental group in arithmetic ability. Pre-, mid-, and posttesting was done using a skills-based arithmeti...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Johnson M,Bailey JS

更新日期：1974-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We investigated variables that may influence the generalization of a replacement mand in 3 young children with severe language delays. A multiple baseline design consisting of one stimulus class of manding opportunities that we arbitrarily divided into three categories (i.e., food, toys, and events) was used for each ...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Drasgow E,Halle JW,Ostrosky MM

更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Differential reinforcement of compliance with teacher invitations to complete a specific academic task was applied to three extremely negativistic children in a special preschool class. For each child, this technique resulted in clear and useful increases in compliance as it was applied. In addition, the technique pro...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Baer AM,Rowbury T,Baer DM

更新日期：1973-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We attempted to increase one aspect of self-determination among 3 supported workers with multiple disabilities. Following Baer's (1998) self-determination conceptualization, the workers were exposed to two conditions that involved working more versus less independently based on availability of assistive devices. Next,...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Reid DH,Parsons MB,Green CW,Browning LB

更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This study replicates and extends prior research showing that access to self-restraint materials can reinforce self-injurious behavior (SIB). A functional analysis was conducted showing that SIB occurred at differentially high rates when access to restraint materials (a leather jacket) was made contingent on the behav...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Vollmer TR,Vorndran CM

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This study investigated the relation between prevocational preference, as measured by the client's selection of a task object, and the work that followed that choice. After selecting a task object, the clients worked a task previously assessed to be more or less preferred than the one indicated by the object. The resu...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Mithaug DE,Mar DK

更新日期：1980-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We examined the influence of derived rules on roulette betting. Twelve college students selected between red and black bets on a roulette wheel in a pretest, then participated in a relational training procedure that established functions of more than for the color bet least often and less than for the color bet more f...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Whiting SW,Dixon MR

更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We compared the effects of a high-probability (high-p) instruction sequence and a fixed-time (FT) schedule of reinforcement on the compliance of 2 typically developing children. A multielement experimental design with a reversal component was implemented according to a multiple baseline across participants arrangement...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Bullock C,Normand MP

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Instructive feedback (IF) is a modification to discrete trial instruction that may increase instructional efficiency for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Several variations of IF have recently been evaluated in the literature; however, few studies have assessed the effectiveness and efficiency of presenting ...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Nottingham CL,Vladescu JC,DeBar RM,Deshais M,DeQuinzio J

更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Differentially higher rates of aggression in treatment sessions occurred in the presence of two staff members who had previously worked with the participant at another facility. Adding an edible reinforcer for compliance and the absence of aggression in sessions conducted by these two staff members decreased aggressio...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Progar PR,North ST,Bruce SS,DiNovi BJ,Nau PA,Eberman EM,Bailey JR Jr,Nussbaum CN

更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In urban high-density areas, litter has become an increasingly obvious and pervasive problem. In the present study, repeated measures of the amount of litter on randomly selected yards in an urban low-income housing project were used to evaluate the effectiveness of a series of anti-litter procedures directed at the c...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Chapman C,Risley TR

更新日期：1974-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This study evaluated the effectiveness of simplified habit reversal in reducing filled pauses that occur during public speaking. Filled pauses consist of "uh," "um," or "er"; clicking sounds; and misuse of the word "like." After baseline, participants received habit reversal training that consisted of awareness traini...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Mancuso C,Miltenberger RG

更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The effect of an instructional package on public-speaking behaviors was analyzed in two experiments. The instructional package was designed to teach public-speaking trainees to look at the audience, make gestures, and perform a number of speaking behaviors. The results of Experiment I, with a university student servin...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Fawcett SB,Miller LK

更新日期：1975-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Independent descriptive (correlational) and functional (experimental) analyses were conducted to determine the extent to which the two methods would yield data supporting similar conclusions about variables maintaining the self-injurious behavior (SIB) of 6 subjects. For the descriptive analyses, subjects were observe...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Lerman DC,Iwata BA

更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We evaluated the effects of a parent training program consisting of verbal instruction, modeling, and feedback on the affection and responsivity of 3 developmentally handicapped mothers towards their children. The results indicated the following: First, the training package increased maternal physical affection, prais...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Feldman MA,Case L,Rincover A,Towns F,Betel J

更新日期：1989-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An important skill for behavior analysts is creating graphs that clearly convey outcomes and conform to publication conventions. GraphPad Prism is software designed for creating scientific graphs, but no prior research has empirically evaluated training graphing skills using Prism. Two effective training methods are e...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Berkman SJ,Roscoe EM,Bourret JC

更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We examined the effects of behavioral procedures to modify the food choices of preschoolers during a snack period at school (training setting) and at home (generalization setting). In the first experiment, we evaluated the usefulness of nutrition training and a generalization programming strategy of cueing to improve ...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Stark LJ,Collins FL Jr,Osnes PG,Stokes TF

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this essay, we note that although Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, and Richman (1982) established the standard framework for conducting functional analyses of problem behavior, the term functional analysis was probably first used in behavior analysis by B. F. Skinner in 1948. We also remind readers that a functional ...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Schlinger HD Jr,Normand MP

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Some readers will view the article by Lerman and Vorndran as controversial. It is a review of existing basic and applied research on punishment and a call for additional research on punishment. The thesis of my commentary is that the paper should not be viewed as controversial. Punishment happens. To ignore a natural ...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Vollmer TR

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) may result in rates of reinforcement that are impractical for caregivers to implement; therefore, recent research has examined methods for thinning reinforcer delivery during DRA. In this study, reinforcer delivery was thinned during DRA by restricting access to...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Roane HS,Fisher WW,Sgro GM,Falcomata TS,Pabico RR

更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Originating in the mid-1960s, functional analysis (FA) has become the gold standard method for understanding the environmental variables that come to shape and maintain problematic behaviors such as aggression, self-injury, and property destruction. Over the decades, a number of studies have refined FA methods, attemp...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Saini V,Fisher WW,Retzlaff BJ,Keevy M

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Excessive motion makes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) extremely challenging among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The medical risks of sedation establish the need for behavioral interventions to promote motion control among children with ASD undergoing MRI scans. We present a series of experiments aime...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Cox AD,Virues-Ortega J,Julio F,Martin TL

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Researchers have shown that both differential reinforcement and response cost within token economies are similarly effective for changing the behavior of individuals in a group context (e.g., Donaldson, DeLeon, Fisher, & Kahng, 2014; Iwata & Bailey, 1974). In addition, these researchers have empirically evaluated pref...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Jowett Hirst ES,Dozier CL,Payne SW

更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We used a sequential approach to evaluate the relative and combined effects of different types of behavioral treatments, as well as dosage of methylphenidate (MPH), on the disruptive behavior of 3 students who had been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Results showed that individualized behavior...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Gulley V,Northup J,Hupp S,Spera S,LeVelle J,Ridgway A

更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Problem behavior is common in early childhood special education classrooms. Functional communication training (FCT; Carr & Durand, 1985) may reduce problem behavior but requires identification of its function. The trial-based functional analysis (FA) is a method that can be used to identify problem behavior function i...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Lambert JM,Bloom SE,Irvin J

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00