Abstract：
INTRODUCTION:Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent disorder among postmenarcheal premenopausal women, accounting for much of anovulatory infertility, and it is associated with several comorbidities. The natural history of PCOS, as well as hypotheses regarding its etiology, facilitates employment of the case-control study design. However, a review of the literature suggested that inconsistency of research findings in relation to the etiology of PCOS might be, in part, due to the different choice of controls for case-control design and application. DESIGN:Investigators have often employed "healthy" control groups and neglected to consider the tenability of the "rare disease" assumption in the analysis when instituting the case-control strategy. This might result in the introduction of a positive bias or overestimation of odds ratios, producing an effect estimate that is more extreme than that in the underlying population. Using several quantitative, though hypothetical, literature-driven examples, this bias is described and demonstrated. In addition, recommendations are provided with regard to case-sampling strategy when the rare disease assumption is untenable, as it may frequently be in studies of PCOS. CONCLUSION(S):It is hoped that more consistent case-control methodology, in concert with recent consensus on case definition, will more effectively facilitate the elucidation of the causes and consequences of PCOS.
journal_name
Fertil Steriljournal_title
Fertility and sterilityauthors
Bloom MS,Schisterman EF,Hediger MLdoi
10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.09.066subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-07-01 00:00:00pages
1-12issue
1eissn
0015-0282issn
1556-5653pii
S0015-0282(06)00557-7journal_volume
86pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:U. urealyticum with 15.8% and C. trachomatis antibodies with 15.4% were the most prevalent microbiological findings in 209 male infertility patients. The inflammatory marker granulocyte-elastase was significantly increased in men with C. trachomatis; these men also showed significantly decreased citric acid levels ind...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(16)54318-0
更新日期：1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To confirm the advantages of goserelin prior to endometrial ablation for the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. DESIGN:Multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind study. PATIENT(S):Cycling premenopausal women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding. TREATMENT:Patients were randomized to gosere...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：
更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There was no difference in the density of nerve fibers across the menstrual cycle in peritoneal endometriotic lesions. These findings may explain why patients with peritoneal endometriosis often have painful symptoms throughout the menstrual cycle. ...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.01.150
更新日期：2011-06-30 00:00:00
abstract：:The interaction between human uterine secretions and human spermatozoa was studied. Secretions were obtained by washing the endometrial surfaces of normal uteri removed at surgery and collecting uterine fluid by incubating Millipore chambers in the uteri of volunteers. A microtechnique was devised for conducting metab...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(16)45259-3
更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG) and clomiphene citrate (CC), either alone or in combination, are frequently used for in vitro fertilization (IVF) in an attempt to maximize the number of oocytes recovered and the number of embryos transferred. However, direct comparison of the relative efficacy of these protocols ...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(16)49889-4
更新日期：1986-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study estimated birth order-specific miscarriage rates and characterized the influence of maternal age using the complete birth history of 90,303 ever-married women from the 1998-2000 Indian National Family Health Survey. Rates of miscarriage in India were low in association with early childbearing, whereas birth...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.02.023
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Twelve adult does in estrus were artificially inseminated with 1 ml of semen from bucks that had received injections of 3H-thymidine 22 to 32 days previously. The ejaculates contained radioactive seminal plasma and unlabeled sperm. The reproductive tracts of the does were removed at selected intervals after inseminati...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(16)42622-1
更新日期：1977-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine whether the expression of leukemia inhibitory factor during the implantation window in endometrial tissue and uterine flushing fluid of patients with adenomyosis differs from that of healthy fertile women. DESIGN:Experimental study using endometrial tissue and uterine flushing fluid. SETTING:Pe...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.03.012
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fifty healthy women, aged 18-39 years with no known risk of ovarian hyperstimulation were treated with 100 or 150 μg corifollitropin alfa (dependent on body weight) in a long GnRH agonist protocol. At these doses, corifollitropin alfa initiated and supported growth of a large cohort of follicles during the first week ...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.12.070
更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three groups of women with different types of ovulatory dysfunction who had failed to conceive on conventional therapy were treated with pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Group A consisted of nine patients with luteal phase defect; group B included four patients with apparently normal menstrual cycles b...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(16)48971-5
更新日期：1985-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of endogenous hormone levels on central abdominal fat during the menopausal transition in a population-based cohort of Australian-born women. DESIGN:Prospective observational study. SETTING:Population-based sample. Body composition was assessed in the Royal Melbourne Hospital, and ...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(03)00361-3
更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A technically simple, inexpensive method is described for measuring objective parameters of sperm motility. The instruments involved are commercially available, home-oriented videotape equipment. Quantitative measurements of sperm motility are made directly from the video image and are facilitated by use of an analysi...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(16)45320-3
更新日期：1981-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To analyze embryo morphology in relation to the corresponding chromosomal status, in order to evaluate the effects of aneuploidy over fragmentation, delayed cleavage, and arrested cleavage. DESIGN:Retrospective study. SETTING:Reproductive Medicine Unit, Società Italiana di Studi di Medicina della Riproduzio...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.07.1512
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Plasma preptin levels were higher in women with PCOS compared with the control group (mean±SD, 823.2±140.7 vs. 324.9±147.3 pg/mL). This article suggests a potential role of preptin in the pathogenesis of PCOS. ...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.08.058
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To search for mutations in the coding exons of the follistatin gene of women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN:Controlled clinical study. SETTING:Tertiary institutional hospital. PATIENT(S):Thirty-four women diagnosed with PCOS and 15 healthy control women. INTERVENTION(S):Whole bloo...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(01)01697-1
更新日期：2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To assess the clinical relevance of daily hormonal changes for achieving a successful pregnancy in anovulatory infertile women. DESIGN:A comparative study of hormonal dynamics in pregnant and nonpregnant cycles during the pulsatile subcutaneous administration of hMG. Subjects received subcutaneous injection ...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56093-2
更新日期：1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To explore the relationship between variation in AGT M235T gene and the development of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its sequelae, in the present study we evaluated AGT polymorphism M235T in women with PCOS and in a control group. Moreover, to detect any relationship between AGT M235T variation and intermed...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.05.043
更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To measure activin A concentrations in uterine washing fluid collected from women with couple infertility undergoing intrauterine insemination (IUI). DESIGN:Retrospective case-control study. SETTING:Tertiary university center for women's care. PATIENT(S):Fifty women, of whom 25 became pregnant after up to ...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.125
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Incubation of cervical mucus with the proteolytic enzyme bromelin is known to result in complete liquefaction of the gel. This effect has been used in the detection spermagglutinating antibodies in cervical mucus. However, the well-known papain-like effect of bromelin on human immunoglobulin G (IgG) might be expected ...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(16)44480-8
更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To assess whether gonadotropin-induced changes in E(2) alter serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and proinflammatory cytokines. DESIGN:Prospective collection of serum in patients undergoing IVF. SETTING:University hospital. PATIENT(S):Twenty-four infertile women. INTERVENTI...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.04.039
更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To compare pregnancy rates after fallopian tubal and uterine transfer of cryopreserved embryos. DESIGN:Prospective randomized trial with assignment to treatment groups by a random number table. SETTING:University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, a tertiary care academic institution. PATIENTS:Forty patients w...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(16)57429-9
更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reducing exposure to toxic environmental agents is a critical area of intervention for obstetricians, gynecologists, and other reproductive health care professionals. Patient exposure to toxic environmental chemicals and other stressors is ubiquitous, and preconception and prenatal exposure to toxic environmental agen...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.08.043
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine whether it is possible to identify and diagnose accurately Müllerian anomalies with three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound (US). DESIGN:Controlled blinded clinical study. SETTING:Normal human volunteers undergoing infertility evaluation in a university hospital. PATIENTS:Forty-two patients who und...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(16)58147-3
更新日期：1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Suppressor activity in in vitro fertilization (IVF) culture medium correlates with successful implantation. High performance liquid chromatography fractionation revealed peak(s) of inhibitory activity in the 1,000- to 5,000-Da molecular weight range. Inhibitory activity was dependent on the presence of fetal bovine se...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficiency of oocyte donation cycles using egg "cryo-banking." DESIGN:Study conditions for vitrified/warmed oocytes for 20 non-autologous recipients (from 10 donors) were set prospectively, and outcomes of it were later compared retrospectively to nine fresh donations cycles. SETTING:Private...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.06.005
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist (LH-RH-a) in the treatment of leiomyomata. DESIGN:A retrospective randomized trial. SETTING:Hospital department of obstetrics and gynecology. PATIENTS:Twenty-five women, ages 36 to 54 years with symptomatic uterine leiomyomata, were ...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(16)54296-4
更新日期：1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine the expression profile of small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) in leiomyoma, which has not been investigated to date. DESIGN:Laboratory-based investigation. SETTING:Academic center. PATIENT(S):Women undergoing hysterectomy for benign indications. INTERVENTION(S):Next-generation sequencing and scree...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.01.034
更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To investigate the IVF outcome for patients with endometriosis. DESIGN:Meta-analysis. SETTING:Academic research center. PATIENT(S):A MEDLINE search and review of the literature were performed. Patients were classified by level of endometriosis, and controls were classified according to the indication for I...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(02)03112-6
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Osteoporosis continues to be a major public health challenge in both women and men. There are more than 2 million low-impact fractures in the United States every year, 39% of which occur in men. The mortality rate in the first year after hip fracture is estimated at 20% to 25% in women and is even higher in men. The g...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type：
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.10.004
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The varicocele may be a cofactor that, when potentiated by other cofactors (i.e., gonadotoxins), causes male infertility. This hypothesis could explain the unpredictable effects of the varicocele on fertility. Male rats with experimental varicoceles, sham surgery, or no surgery were treated for 30 days with the known ...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-07-01 00:00:00
