Abstract:
:There has been recent experimental support for efficiency wage theories of the labor market. This short paper initiates the larger process of evaluating the boundary conditions of the gift- exchange phenomenon. In particular, we will see whether behavior consistent with the fair wage-effort hypothesis can emerge and be sustained under conditions in which there is (i) a nontrivial marginal cost to providing effort and (ii) increased social distance between subject and experimenter.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Rigdon MLdoi
10.1073/pnas.152449999keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-10-01 00:00:00pages
13348-51issue
20eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490journal_volume
99pub_type
杂志文章abstract::We report light-induced electron paramagnetic resonance triplet spectra from samples of chloroplasts or digitonin photosystem I particles that depend upon the dark redox state of the bound acceptors of photosystem I. If the reaction centers are prepared in the redox state P-700 A X- FdB-FdA-, then upon illumination at...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.76.10.5124
更新日期:1979-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Efficient and controllable expression of a transgene usually requires the presence of intron sequences and much efforts have been made to produce retrovirus vectors that can transduce and integrate genes with introns. However, this has proven difficult because the viral RNA is spliced when it is synthesized in the nuc...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.95.7.3650
更新日期:1998-03-31 00:00:00
abstract::The gene encoding human plakoglobin was mapped to chromosome 17q12-q22. An intragenic restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to localize the plakoglobin gene distal to locus KRT10 and proximal to the marker D17S858. The plakoglobin gene colocalizes with the polymorphic 17q21 marker UM8 on the same cosmid in...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.14.6384
更新日期:1995-07-03 00:00:00
abstract::Yeast RNA polymerase II initiation factor e was purified to homogeneity and identified by biochemical criteria as the counterpart of human transcription factor IIB. Factor e was essential for initiation of transcription from yeast and mammalian promoters in a reconstituted yeast transcription system. Activity resided ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.89.23.11292
更新日期:1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The number of large intramembrane particles associated with sites of synaptic vesicle release at the squid giant synapse was determined and compared to the average maximal presynaptic calcium current in order to derive an estimate of the conductance each particle would have if it were a calcium channel. This value, 0....
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.78.11.7210
更新日期:1981-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The treatment of PC12 cells with either nerve growth factor or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate caused a decrease in the phosphorylation of a soluble 100-kDa protein (Nsp100). After treatment with nerve growth factor, the activity of Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) in the cytosol was incre...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.83.8.2353
更新日期:1986-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Selective inhibition of the intrinsic coagulation pathway is a promising strategy for developing safer anticoagulants that do not cause serious bleeding. Intrinsic tenase, the final and rate-limiting enzyme complex in the intrinsic coagulation pathway, is an attractive but less explored target for anticoagulants due t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1504229112
更新日期:2015-07-07 00:00:00
abstract::Current understanding of the integration of cell division and expansion in the development of plant lateral organs such as leaves is limited. Cell number is established during a mitotic phase, and subsequent growth into a mature organ relies primarily on cell expansion accompanied by endocycles. Here we show that the ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0704166104
更新日期:2007-09-04 00:00:00
abstract::The neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene responsible for von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis is related to regulators of ras proteins, and a portion of NF1 that is homologous to the ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP) encodes a similar GTPase-stimulating activity. We have raised rabbit antisera to a bacterially synthe...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.22.9914
更新日期:1991-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::The c-myc protooncogene has been implicated in control of growth and differentiation of mammalian cells. For instance, growth arrest is often preceded by reduction in c-myc mRNA and gene transcription. To elucidate the mechanisms of control of c-myc gene transcription, we have begun to characterize the interaction of ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4727
更新日期:1990-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The poison frogs (family Dendrobatidae) are terrestrial anuran amphibians displaying a wide range of coloration and toxicity. These frogs generally have been considered to be aposematic, but relatively little research has been carried out to test the predictions of this hypothesis. Here we use a comparative approach t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.101134898
更新日期:2001-05-22 00:00:00
abstract::Confluent cultures of human fetal lung fibroblasts degrade approximately 10% of their newly synthesized collagen within the cell prior to secretion. This basal level of intracellular degradation could not be inhibited by colchicine or cytochalasin B, inhibitors of microtubular and microfilament function, respectively,...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.8.4746
更新日期:1980-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::HIV-1 infection in the brain induces neuronal apoptosis leading to HIV-associated dementia. To explore the underlying mechanism, we developed a murine model by using human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-transplanted nonobese diabetic (NOD)-severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) (hu-PBMC-NOD-SCID) mice. Admi...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2628048100
更新日期:2003-03-04 00:00:00
abstract::Ion channel proteins control ionic flux across biological membranes through conformational changes in their transmembrane pores. An exponentially increasing number of channel structures captured in different conformational states are now being determined; however, these newly resolved structures are commonly classifie...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1902702116
更新日期:2019-07-09 00:00:00
abstract::A unified structure theory of icosahedral quasicrystals, combining the twinned-cubic-crystal theory and the Penrose-tiling-six-dimensional-projection theory, is described. Values of the primitive-cubic lattice constant for several quasicrystals are evaluated from x-ray and neutron diffraction data. The fact that the l...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.85.22.8376
更新日期:1988-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The glutathione S-transferases (GST) (glutathione transferase; EC 2.5.1.18) are a family of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of a broad range of xenobiotics and carcinogens. A cDNA clone containing the entire amino acid coding sequence of a human GST-2 subunit has been isolated using a lambda gt11 expression lib...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.84.8.2377
更新日期:1987-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Metagenomics is expanding our knowledge of the gene content, functional significance, and genetic variability in natural microbial communities. Still, there exists limited information concerning the regulation and dynamics of genes in the environment. We report here global analysis of expressed genes in a naturally oc...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0708897105
更新日期:2008-03-11 00:00:00
abstract::Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is induced by mitogenic and proinflammatory factors. Its overexpression plays a causal role in inflammation and tumorigenesis. COX-2 expression is tightly regulated, but the mechanisms are largely unclear. Here we show the control of COX-2 expression by an endogenous tryptophan meta...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1209919109
更新日期:2012-08-14 00:00:00
abstract::Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is believed to arise through a multistep model comprised of putative precursor lesions known as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). Recent genetically engineered mouse models of PDAC demonstrate a comparable morphologic spectrum of murine PanIN (mPanIN) lesions. The hi...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0810097105
更新日期:2008-12-02 00:00:00
abstract::The tails of newborn rats, consisting of slender continuous cones of avascular cartilage, were transplanted in subcutaneous spaces of allogeneic adolescents; colloidal carbon was injected in a vein before the transplants were harvested on days 7-28. Between 97 and 100% of the transplants were accepted, underwent diffe...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.73.9.3283
更新日期:1976-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pituitary ablation (hypophysectomy) in rats was previously reported to cause a precipitous change in the relative abundance of two alternative splice variants of the "BK"- or "Maxi K"-encoding Slo gene in adrenal chromaffin cells. Inclusion of the optional "STREX" exon (STRess axis-regulated EXon) in a C-terminal spli...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.112619799
更新日期:2002-05-28 00:00:00
abstract::Osteocalcin, a bone-specific protein and marker of the mature osteoblast, is expressed only in nonproliferating osteoblasts in a mineralizing extracellular matrix, while type I collagen is expressed in proliferating cells. The nuclear proteins encoded by the c-fos and c-jun protooncogenes are expressed during the prol...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.87.24.9990
更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Membrane contact sites (MCSs) in eukaryotic cells are hotspots for lipid exchange, which is essential for many biological functions, including regulation of membrane properties and protein trafficking. Lipid transfer proteins anchored at membrane contact sites (LAMs) contain sterol-specific lipid transfer domains [StA...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1719709115
更新日期:2018-01-30 00:00:00
abstract::Degeneracy, the ability of elements that are structurally different to perform the same function or yield the same output, is a well known characteristic of the genetic code and immune systems. Here, we point out that degeneracy is a ubiquitous biological property and argue that it is a feature of complexity at geneti...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1073/pnas.231499798
更新日期:2001-11-20 00:00:00
abstract::The emerging method of femtosecond crystallography (FX) may extend the diffraction resolution accessible from small radiation-sensitive crystals and provides a means to determine catalytically accurate structures of acutely radiation-sensitive metalloenzymes. Automated goniometer-based instrumentation developed for us...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1418733111
更新日期:2014-12-02 00:00:00
abstract::Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesized, posttranslationally modified peptide antibiotics. The biosynthetic gene cluster for microbisporicin, a potent lantibiotic produced by the actinomycete Microbispora corallina containing chlorinated tryptophan and dihydroxyproline residues, was identified by genome scanning and ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1008285107
更新日期:2010-07-27 00:00:00
abstract::A major barrier to the design of immunotherapeutics and vaccines for cancer is the idiosyncratic nature of many tumor antigens and the possibility that T cells may be tolerant of broadly distributed antigens. We have devised an experimental strategy that exploits species differences in protein sequences to circumvent ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.26.11993
更新日期:1995-12-19 00:00:00
abstract::The assembly of tiny magnetic particles in external magnetic fields is important for many applications ranging from data storage to medical technologies. The development of ever smaller magnetic structures is restricted by a size limit, where the particles are just barely magnetic. For such particles we report the dis...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1511443112
更新日期:2015-11-24 00:00:00
abstract::Human liver alkaline phosphatase [ortho-phosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] was purified, and some of its physical and chemical properties were examined and compared to those of human placental alkaline phosphatase. The results indicated a different peptide structure for each, based u...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.73.7.2201
更新日期:1976-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Synthetic genes for human insulin A and B chains were cloned separately in plasmid pBR322. The cloned synthetic genes were then fused to an Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene to provide efficient transcription and translation and a stable precursor protein. The insulin peptides were cleaved from beta-galactosida...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.76.1.106
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00