Abstract:
:The objective of this study was to determine the organization of coactivation in the arm and shoulder muscles. Normal human subjects made alternate movements of a joint in the horizontal plane, either adduction-abduction of the second finger and shoulder, ulnar-radial deviation of the wrist, or extension-flexion of the elbow, during which they fixed a focal joint while decreasing the movement amplitude and increasing the fixation strength. They varied the fixation strength at four different levels up to the maximum. The focal-joint angle, and surface electromyograms (EMGs) from the intrinsic hand, antebrachial, upper-arm, and shoulder muscles were recorded. EMGs in the phase of fixation were quantified by integration after rectification. The degree of coactivation among the muscles was evaluated by calculating correlation coefficients across the integrated EMGs. There were correlations in the integrated EMGs among focal-joint muscles (FJMs), and also between one of the FJMs and the muscles distal and/or proximal to the FJMs: in the finger fixation between the hand and antebrachial muscles, in the wrist fixation between the antebrachial and hand/upper-arm muscles, in the elbow fixation between the upper-arm and antebrachial/shoulder muscles, and in the shoulder fixation between the shoulder and upper-arm muscles. Moderate or slight correlations were seen in muscles more distant from FJMs. Our results indicate that the longitudinal distance from FJMs in the shoulder and arm muscles is an important factor in determining levels of coactivation. This is discussed in relation to the fact that neighboring muscles share joints with FJMs.
journal_name
Brain Res Bulljournal_title
Brain research bulletinauthors
Yamazaki Y,Suzuki M,Ohkuwa T,Itoh Hdoi
10.1016/s0361-9230(02)00952-8keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2003-02-15 00:00:00pages
439-46issue
6eissn
0361-9230issn
1873-2747pii
S0361923002009528journal_volume
59pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Neurological assessment of certain movement disorders is described with emphasis on Parkinson's disease. In addition, abnormal behavior and changes in affect are given. Changes in neurological status, i.e., Bradykinesia, rigidity, gait changes, hand-writing irregularity, postural reflexes are outlined. The differentia...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(83)90181-8
更新日期:1983-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) receives a direct retinal projection, which in rats includes substance P (SP)-immunoreactive retinal ganglion cells. While SP has been shown to have neurophysiological effects on SCN cells in Syrian hamsters and rats, it is not known what effects SP in the SCN has on circadian rhythms...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(96)00371-1
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The unique noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant mirtazapine acts antinociceptive. It is optically active and currently marketed as racemate. In an animal model of acute pain it has been shown that the enantiomers exhibit differential effects: the R(-)-enantiomer showed anti-, the S(+)-enantiomer pron...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.12.015
更新日期:2009-04-06 00:00:00
abstract::In the present study, we showed for the first time the localization of ZNT7 immunoreactivity in the mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) by means of immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Our results revealed that ZNT7 immunoreactivity was abundantly expressed in the nerve cells of the mouse DRG. Str...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.06.022
更新日期:2007-09-28 00:00:00
abstract::Administering increasing dosages of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) (0, 40, or 80 microgram/100 g in oil daily) to ovariectomized female rats treated concurrently with estradiol benzoate (EB) (1 microgram/100 g in oil daily) caused significant, equivalent reduction in lordotic responsiveness in rats maint...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(81)90090-3
更新日期:1981-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The conditions under which amyloid is toxic to primary rat hippocampal neurons were investigated. Synthetic A beta (1-42) peptide elicited neurotoxic activity following "aging" for 7 to 14 days at 37 degrees C in Modified Eagles Media. Neurotoxicity included decreases in neurite length, cell number, and a loss in 3-[4...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(95)02034-x
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Every year, a large number of infants and young children worldwide are administered general anesthesia. Whether general anesthesia adversely affects the intellectual development and cognitive function of children at a later date remains controversial. Many animal experiments have shown that general anesthetics can cau...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.003
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The distribution of enkephalin-like cell bodies in the thalamus of the rat was studied by means of intratissular injections of colchicine and using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The densest clusters of immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the nuclei geniculatum lateralis ventralis, medialis dorsalis, ce...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(89)90209-8
更新日期:1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Traditional Medicine Practices (TMP) which are premised on indigenous knowledge and experiences within a local context of the culture and environment, are common place in low income countries. In Africa and in Uganda specifically, nearly 80% of the Ugandan population relies on TMP for the care of their menta...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.07.018
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gonadal hormones exert a critical influence over the architecture of specific brain areas affecting the formation of neuronal contacts. Cellular mechanisms mediating gonadal hormone actions on synapses have been studied extensively in the rat arcuate nucleus, a hypothalamic center involved in the feed-back regulation ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(97)00238-4
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To explore the unified and disease specific structural features of the brain in patients spanning six mental disorders who experience own-thought auditory verbal hallucinations (OTAVH). METHODS:A pilot study was conducted on 25 patients with schizophrenia (FUSCH-OTAVH), 20 patients with major depression diso...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.04.001
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms expression was determined in several regions of the prepuberal and adult male rat brain by using reverse transcription coupled to polymerase chain reaction. Rats under a 14:10-h light-dark cycle, with lights on at 0600 h were used. We found that in the hypothalamus of prepuberal ani...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00410-x
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic brain implants are accompanied by a tissue response that causes the loss of neurons in the vicinity of the implant and the formation of a glial scar that is also referred to as foreign body response. Despite immense progress in the field of brain-computer interface (BCI) research the biocompatibility of chroni...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.08.001
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that lithium treatment can protect neurons against excitotoxic and ischemic damage. Yet the possible beneficial effect of chronic low dose lithium on a model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been intensively investigated. In this study, lithium (1 mmol/kg) was give...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.07.008
更新日期:2010-10-30 00:00:00
abstract::A simple, inexpensive hardware and software protocol is described for conditioning and testing hearing of gerbils with minimal experimenter involvement. Behavioral thresholds correspond closely with data which employ nonautomated procedures. Partial source listings of the programs written in the 'C' programming langua...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(89)90075-0
更新日期:1989-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cardiolipin is a mitochondrial membrane phospholipid with several well-defined metabolic roles. Cardiolipin can be released extracellularly by damaged cells and has been shown to affect peripheral immune functions. We hypothesized that extracellular cardiolipin can also regulate functions of microglia, the resident im...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.002
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple unit activities (MUA) in 307 brainstem sites were recorded by chronically implanted electrodes in cats, using a polygraph with 4 channel MUA recording units. During transition from waking to slow wave sleep, at 15 sites including the medial preoptic area (11), the diagonal band of Broca (2) and medial anterio...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(88)90108-6
更新日期:1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Methylphenidate (MPD) is a psychostimulant that enhances dopaminergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system by using mechanisms similar to cocaine and amphetamine. The mode of action of brain circuitry responsible for an animal's neuronal response to MPD is not fully understood. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) h...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.01.004
更新日期:2012-03-10 00:00:00
abstract::Glucokinase (GCK) may be involved in inflammatory pathological changes, while the P2X3 receptor in the stellate ganglia (SG) is related to diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy. In this study, we explored the relationship between the upregulated GCK in SG and diabetic cardiac sympathy. The expression and location of G...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.10.004
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuropathic pain (NP) is a challenge due to our limited understanding of the mechanisms that initiate and maintain chronic pain. The prelimbic division (PrL) of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is an important area of the emotional and cognitive components of pain and pharmacological systems can interact into the n...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.09.013
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present study examined whether the induction of scent marking behavior and grooming of the flank gland region by injection of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) or oxytocin (OXY) into the anterior hypothalamus-medial preoptic area (AH-MPOA) required the presence of the flank glands. The flank glands were surgically remove...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(86)90242-x
更新日期:1986-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Using the in vitro hamster hypothalamic slice preparation, the effects of GABA and 80% chloride (Cl-) reduced medium on the single unit activity of SCN neurons was investigated. GABA 10(-4) M produced inhibitory responses in 55% of the 69 SCN neurons examined. No statistically significant day-night difference was obse...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(90)90257-z
更新日期:1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The roles of prostaglandins (PGs) involved in opioidergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic regulation of the diurnal changes of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neuronal activities were investigated in ovariectomized, estrogen-treated rats. Treatment with naloxone [10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)], atropine (5 mg...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00605-0
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present study in piglets was designed to examine cerebrovascular effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) and potential mechanisms involved. Anesthetized new-born pigs with closed cranial windows implanted were used. Effects of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) and amino...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(95)02142-6
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We previously showed that inhibition of brain NO production suppresses sleep in rats and rabbits. In the present experiments we studied the effects of stimulation of NO-receptive brain mechanisms on sleep. Male rats were injected intra-cerebroventricularly with the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP, 400 m...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(96)00227-4
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Normal human subjects made rapid extensions of the elbow from an initial position to visual targets at different angular distances (9 degrees-54 degrees). We recorded joint angle, acceleration, and surface electromyograms (EMGs) with a monopolar electrode from the triceps and the biceps brachii muscles. Both the agoni...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(93)90034-9
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) 1 and VGLUT2 have been reported to distribute complementally in most brain regions and have been assumed to define distinct functional elements. Previous studies have shown the expression of VGLUT1 mRNA and VGLUT2 mRNA in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), a key precerebellar ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.008
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Investigation of the differentiation of electrical properties of motoneurons has been stimulated by the importance of these neurons for embryonic behavior and facilitated by their experimental accessibility. In this review, we examine the development of different patterns of excitability and their functions, and discu...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00388-9
更新日期:2000-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::High dietary salt intake activates the brain renin-angiotensin system in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Dahl S rats, resulting in sympathetic hyperactivity and hypertension. Increases of sodium concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and/or enhanced responses to CSF sodium are considered to be involved i...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.09.004
更新日期:2006-01-30 00:00:00
abstract::It is now generally recognized that interleukin-6 (IL6) is one of the cytokines that mediate the various nonspecific host defense responses to infectious pathogens. Among its now well-demonstrated effects on systemic administration are fever and acute-phase proteinemia. These effects are also activated by the cytokine...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(90)90185-3
更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00