Abstract:
:It is suggested that the anatomical structures which mediate consciousness evolved as decisive embellishments to a (non-conscious) design strategy present even in the simplest unicellular organisms. Consciousness is thus not the pinnacle of a hierarchy whose base is the primitive reflex, because reflexes require a nervous system, which the single-celled creature does not possess. By postulating that consciousness is intimately connected to self-paced probing of the environment, also prominent in prokaryotic behavior, one can make mammalian neuroanatomy amenable to dramatically straightforward rationalization. Muscular contraction is the nervous system's only externally directed product, and the signaling routes which pass through the various brain components must ultimately converge on the motor areas. The function of several components is still debatable, so it might seem premature to analyze the global operation of the circuit these routes constitute. But such analysis produces a remarkably simple picture, and it sheds new light on the roles of the individual components. The underlying principle is conditionally permitted movement, some components being able to veto muscular contraction by denying the motor areas sufficient activation. This is true of the basal ganglia (BG) and the cerebellum (Cb), which act in tandem with the sensory cerebrum, and which can prevent the latter's signals to the motor areas from exceeding the threshold for overt movement. It is also true of the anterior cingulate, which appears to play a major role in directing attention. In mammals, the result can be mere thought, provided that a second lower threshold is exceeded. The veto functions of the BG and the Cb stem from inhibition, but the countermanding disinhibition develops at markedly different rates in those two key components. It develops rapidly in the BG, control being exercised by the amygdala, which itself is governed by various other brain regions. It develops over time in the Cb, thereby permitting previously executed movements that have proved advantageous. If cognition is linked to overt or covert movement, intelligence becomes the ability to consolidate individual motor elements into more complex patterns, and creativity is the outcome of a race-to-threshold process which centers on the motor areas. Amongst the ramifications of these ideas are aspects of cortical oscillations, phantom limb sensations, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) the difficulty of self-tickling and mirror neurons.
journal_name
Prog Neurobioljournal_title
Progress in neurobiologyauthors
Cotterill RMdoi
10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00058-7keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-05-01 00:00:00pages
1-33issue
1eissn
0301-0082issn
1873-5118pii
S0301-0082(00)00058-7journal_volume
64pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Cognitive neuroscientists in the late 20th century began the task of identifying the part(s) of the brain concerned with normal behavior as manifest in the psychological capacities as affective powers, reasoning, behaving purposively and the pursuit of goals, following introduction of the 'functional magnetic resonanc...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.07.001
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::One of the exciting advances in modern medicine and life science is cell-based neurovascular regeneration of damaged brain tissues and repair of neuronal structures. The progress in stem cell biology and creation of adult induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has significantly improved basic and pre-clinical research i...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.003
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In animal models of global and focal ischemia neuroprotection is typically determined by quantifying the degree of cell loss or reduction in infarct volume shortly after the ischemic insult. These methods are unable to reliably detect more subtle forms of neuronal death and dysfunction that arise from injury to non-ho...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(97)00078-6
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway, which leads to the cardinal motor symptoms of the disease - tremor, rigidity and postural instability. A number of non-motor symptoms are also associated with PD, including cognitive impairment, mood disturb...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.11.003
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::At the psychological level, the notion that emotional events may be better remembered is a long accepted view. Its translation into neurobiological mechanisms has led to the proposal of the 'emotional tag' concept, according to which, the activation of the amygdala by emotionality would result in modulation of neural ...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.03.004
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The blood-brain barrier (BBB) serves as a protective mechanism for the brain by preventing entry of potentially harmful substances from free access to the central nervous system (CNS). Tight junctions present between the brain microvessel endothelial cells form a diffusion barrier, which selectively excludes most bloo...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.04.006
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Behavioral responses to a perceptual stimulus are typically faster with repeated exposure to the stimulus (behavioral priming). This implicit learning mechanism is critical for survival but impaired in a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Many studies of the neural bases for behavioral p...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101788
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Until recently, memory consolidation and storage had been traditionally viewed as a permissive process derived from learning-activated molecular signaling cascades which include activations of the NMDA receptors, CaMKII, PKC, PKA and other kinases, new protein synthesis and CREB-mediated gene expression, and subsequen...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.06.004
更新日期:2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of the most important endemic encephalitis in the world especially in Eastern and Southeastern Asia. JE affects over 50,000 patients and results in 15,000 deaths annually. JE virus is a single stranded positive sense RNA virus belonging to family flaviviridae. JE virus is transmitted ...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.01.008
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Copper is an important trace element that is required for essential enzymes. However, due to its redox activity, copper can also lead to the generation of toxic reactive oxygen species. Therefore, cellular uptake, storage as well as export of copper have to be tightly regulated in order to guarantee sufficient copper ...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.01.002
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Comparative studies of behavioral responses to centrally acting drugs in inbred strains of mice which show differences in brain neurotransmitter activity represent a major strategy in the investigation of the neurochemical bases underlying behavioural expression. Moreover, these studies represent a preliminary stage i...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(97)00008-7
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::We review the neuroanatomical, neurophysiological and functional properties of the mammalian subiculum in this paper. The subiculum is a pivotal structure positioned between the hippocampus proper and entorhinal and other cortices, as well as a range of subcortical structures. It is an under-investigated region that p...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00054-x
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Retrospective studies in humans suggest that chronic maternal stress during pregnancy, associated with raised plasma levels of CRH, ACTH and cortisol may increase the likelihood of preterm birth, developmental delays and behavioural abnormalities in the children. In adulthood, it may contribute to the significant asso...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(01)00018-1
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The scientific understanding of preproglucagon derived peptides has provided people with type 2 diabetes with two novel classes of glucose lowering agents, the dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists. For the scientists, the novel GLP-1 agonists, and DPP-IV inhibitors have evolved as us...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.07.003
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The scientific scenario of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has dramatically changed since TDP-43 aggregates were discovered in 2006 as the main component of the neuronal inclusions seen in the disease, and more recently, when the implication of C9ORF72 expansion in familial and sporadic cases of ALS and frontotemp...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.05.004
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The transplantation of cells that secrete neuroactive substances with analgesic properties into the CNS is a novel method that challenges current approaches in treating chronic pain. This review covers pre-clinical and clinical studies from both allogeneic and xenogeneic sources. One cell source that has been utilized...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0301-0082(95)00011-j
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, which affects about 0.3% of the general population. As the population in the developed world ages, this creates an escalating burden on society both in economic terms and in quality of life for these patients and for the families that supp...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.005
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Preconditioning is a phenomenon in which brief episodes of a sublethal insult induce robust protection against subsequent lethal injuries. Preconditioning has been observed in multiple organisms and can occur in the brain as well as other tissues. Extensive animal studies suggest that the brain can be preconditioned t...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.11.005
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article reviews neuroimaging studies of conscious and voluntary regulation of various emotional states (sexual arousal, sadness, negative emotion). The results of these studies show that metacognition and cognitive recontextualization selectively alters the way the brain processes and reacts to emotional stimuli....
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.01.005
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is one an intriguing set of nine neurodegenerative diseases caused by the expansion of a unstable trinucleotide CAG repeat where the repeat is located within the coding of the affected gene, i.e. the polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases. A gain-of-function mechanism for toxicity in SCA1,...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.04.003
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Brain lactate formation, intercellular exchange and utilization has been implicated in memory formation. However, the individual role of either neuronal or astroglial monocarboxylate transporters for the acquisition and consolidation of information remains incomplete. Using novel transgenic mice and a viral vector app...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101888
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aging of the human brain is associated with "normal" functional, structural, and molecular changes that underlie alterations in cognition, memory, mood and motor function, amongst other processes. Normal aging also imposes a robust constraint on the onset of many neurological diseases, ranging from late onset neurodeg...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.11.006
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::White matter (WM) plasticity during adulthood is a recently described phenomenon by which experience can shape brain structure. It has been observed in humans using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and myelination has been suggested as a possible mechanism. Here, we set out to identify molecular and cellular changes ass...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101770
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tissue-specific alternative splicing profoundly effects animal physiology, development and disease, and this is nowhere more evident than in the nervous system. Alternative splicing is a versatile form of genetic control whereby a common pre-mRNA is processed into multiple mRNA isoforms differing in their precise comb...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(01)00007-7
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent work in neuroscience has shown that the adult central nervous system contains neural progenitors, precursors, and stem cells that are capable of generating new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. While challenging previous dogma that no new neurons are born in the adult mammalian CNS, these findings brin...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.04.002
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Here, we discuss the identity, heterogeneity and functions of radial glial cells mostly in the developing central nervous system (CNS). First, we define radial glial cells by morphological, cell biological and molecular criteria as true glial cells, akin to astroglia. We then describe the appearance of radial glial ce...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.02.010
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic restraint stress leads to increases in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein in some regions of the brain, e.g. the basal lateral amygdala (BLA) but decreases in other regions such as the CA3 region of the hippocampus and dendritic spine density increases or decreases in line with these cha...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.10.005
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies of neuropeptide and peptide hormone signaling are coming of age in Drosophila due to rapid developments in molecular genetics approaches that overcome the difficulties caused by the small size of the fly. In addition we have genome-wide information on genes involved in peptide signaling, and growing pools of p...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.04.010
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the manifestation of motor symptoms, which are mainly attributed to the degeneration of dopamine neurons in the pars compacta of substantia nigra. Based on advancements in the understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease,...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.07.003
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Any biological structure can be studied using mutations that interfere either with its emergence or its function. We investigate spontaneous and induced mutations in the mouse that affect neuromuscular development and function. The wobbler mouse (phenotype WR, genotype wr/wr) suffers from muscular atrophy because of t...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0301-0082(94)90071-x
更新日期:1994-02-01 00:00:00