Abstract：
:Darwinian theory requires that mutations be produced in a nonanticipatory manner; it is nonetheless consistent to suggest that mutations that have repeatedly led to nonviable phenotypes would be introduced less frequently than others-if under appropriate genetic control. Immunoglobulins produced during infection acquire point mutations that are subsequently selected for improved binding to the eliciting antigen. We and others have speculated that an enhancement of mutability in the complementarity-determining regions (CDR; where mutations have a greater chance of being advantageous) and/or decrement of mutability in the framework regions (FR; where mutations are more likely to be lethal) may be accomplished by differential codon usage in concert with the known sequence specificity of the hypermutation mechanism. We have examined 115 nonproductively rearranged human Ig sequences. The mutation patterns in these unexpressed genes are unselected and therefore directly reflect inherent mutation biases. Using a chi2 test, we have shown that the number of mutations in the CDRs is significantly higher than the number of mutations found in the FRs, providing direct evidence for the hypothesis that mutations are preferentially targeted into the CDRs.
journal_name
J Mol Evoljournal_title
Journal of molecular evolutionauthors
Cowell LG,Kim HJ,Humaljoki T,Berek C,Kepler TBdoi
10.1007/pl00006530keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-07-01 00:00:00pages
23-6issue
1eissn
0022-2844issn
1432-1432pii
JME1896journal_volume
49pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The previously given systems-theoretic model for the synthesis of optical antipodes (AD and AL) in strongly asymmetric yield, which shows mono-bistable behaviour depending on the degree of "openess" of the chemical reaction system is reconsidered for two equal compartments (subscripts 1 and 2 on A) with coupling by di...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF01732292
更新日期：1975-10-29 00:00:00
abstract：:Computational analysis of the hypothetical open reading frame MJ0236 from Methanococcus jannaschii reveals its membership to a family of bacterial and eukaryotic proteins, predicted to be the HMP-P kinases involved in thiamin biosyntheis (ThiD). The eukaryotic members of this family contain a C-terminal extension simi...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 信件
doi：10.1007/pl00013145
更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Eight new examples of retrotransposons of the Gypsy/Ty3 class have been identified in marine species. A 525-nt pol gene-coding region was amplified using degenerate primers from highly conserved regions and has extended the range of recognition of Gypsy/Ty3 far beyond those previously known. The following matrix shows...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00166592
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Life as we know it requires three basic types of polymers: polypeptide, polynucleotide, and polysaccharide. Here we evaluate both universal and idiosyncratic characteristics of these biopolymers. We incorporate this information into a model that explains much about their origins, selection, and early evolution. We obs...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-018-9876-2
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Compared with the X chromosome, the mammalian Y chromosome is considerably diminished in size and has lost most of its ancestral genes during evolution. Interestingly, for the X-degenerate region on the Y chromosome, human has retained all 16 genes, while chimpanzee has lost 4 of the 16 genes since the divergence of t...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-008-9189-y
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Runs of identical amino acids encoded by triplet repeats (homopolymers) are components of numerous proteins, yet their role is poorly understood. Large numbers of homopolymers are present in the Drosophila melanogaster mastermind (mam) protein surrounding several unique charged amino acid clusters. Comparison of mam s...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00160429
更新日期：1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The gene (fus) coding for elongation factor G (EF-G) of the extremely thermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima was identified and sequenced. The EF-G coding sequence (2046 bp) was found to lie in an operon-like structure between the ribosomal protein S7 gene (rpsG) and the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) gene (tuf). ...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02193628
更新日期：1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The local stability of unbranched biosynthetic pathways is examined by mathematical analysis and computer simulation using a novel nonlinear formalism that appears to accurately describe biochemical systems. Four factors affecting the stability are examined: strength of feedback inhibition, equalization of the values...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF01741242
更新日期：1975-08-05 00:00:00
abstract：:The beta-globin gene cluster of Wistar rat was extensively cloned and the embryonic genes were mapped and sequenced. Four overlapping lambda Dash recombinant clones cover about 31 kb and contain four nonadult beta-globin genes, 5'-epsilon1-gamma1-gamma2-psigamma3-3'. The epsilon1 and gamma2 are active genes, since the...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/pl00006525
更新日期：1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three measures of sequence dissimilarity have been compared on a computer-generated model system in which substitutions in random sequences were made at randomly selected sites and the replacement character was chosen at random from the set of characters different from the original occupant of the site. The three meas...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02602925
更新日期：1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The heterotrophic theory of the origin of life is the only proposal available with experimental support. This comes from the ease of prebiotic synthesis under strongly reducing conditions. The prebiotic synthesis of organic compounds by reduction of CO(2) to monomers used by the first organisms would also be considere...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The possibility of surface catalysed condensation of unsubstituted amino acids on kaolinite in aqueous systems at elevated temperatures was investigated; no evidence of clay catalysed polycondensation has been found. The thermodynamic feasibility of the hypothetical lysine/dilysine condensation reaction in the tempera...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF01733261
更新日期：1978-12-29 00:00:00
abstract：:The alpha-esterase cluster of D. melanogaster contains 11 esterase genes dispersed over 60 kb. Embedded in the cluster are two unrelated open reading frames that have sequence similarity with genes encoding ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and tropomyosin. The esterase amino acid sequences show 37-66% identity with one an...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02338832
更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In mammals, chicken-type (c-type) lysozymes are part of the innate immune system, killing bacteria by degrading peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Many of the studies on the evolution of c-type lysozymes have focused on its new digestive function, including the duplicated stomach lysozymes in ruminants. Similarly, in ...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-019-09910-7
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Spermatogenesis is one of the most complex biological processes undergone by any organism, making it susceptible to perturbations that result in male sterility. Research has demonstrated that mutant phenotypes can be obtained from the disruption of epigenetic modifications, which are commonly microRNA guided. Employin...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-011-9478-8
更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The first intron of the gene encoding one of the alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes (ADH-1) in Ceratitis capitata is highly polymorphic in size. Five size variants of this intron were isolated from different strains and populations and characterized. Restriction map and sequence analysis showed that the intron size poly...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-004-2596-9
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The complete or partial sequences of 47 E. coli ribosomal proteins described in the literature have been examined by computerized search and matching programs. In contrast to results previously reported by other investigators, sequence homologies were uncovered among some of these ribosomal proteins that are well beyo...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF01732666
更新日期：1980-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The genome organization of the Hardness locus in the tribe Triticeae constitutes an excellent model for studying the mechanisms of evolution that played a role in the preservation and potential functional innovations of duplicate genes. Here we applied the nonsynonymous-synonymous rate ratio (d ( N )/d ( S ) or omega)...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-005-0292-z
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this work detailed statistics on ancestral gene duplication and gene conservation in completely sequenced cellular genomes are presented. Analysis of open reading frame (ORF) products having simultaneous matches in several distinct organisms showed a significant correlation between duplication and conservation. Sys...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/pl00006580
更新日期：1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relaxin (RLN) and insulin-like (INSL) gene family is a group of genes involved in a variety of physiological roles that includes bone formation, testicular descent, trophoblast development, and cell differentiation. This family appears to have expanded in vertebrates relative to non-vertebrate chordates, but the r...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-010-9403-6
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Statistical and biochemical studies of the genetic code have found evidence of nonrandom patterns in the distribution of codon assignments. It has, for example, been shown that the code minimizes the effects of point mutation or mistranslation: erroneous codons are either synonymous or code for an amino acid with chem...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/pl00006381
更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies so far have correlated the variation in the composition of snake venoms with the target prey population and snake's diet. Here we present the first example of an alternative evolutionary link between venom composition and dietary adaptation of snakes. We describe a dinucleotide deletion in the only three finge...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-004-0138-0
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Four genes in the P450 IID gene subfamily were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rat lambda EMBL 3 and Charon 4A genomic libraries and completely sequenced. Their transcription start sites were determined by primer extension analysis. The four genes designated IID2, IID3, IID4, and IID5 span 4036, 4371, 4678, and 4567 bp, ...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02099942
更新日期：1990-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:By a chromosome walking strategy the DNA region from Methanococcus vannielii flanking the genes for protein synthesis elongation factor (EF) 1 alpha and EF-2 was cloned and sequenced. A gene organization of 5' - beta' - open reading frame (ORF) 1 - ORF2 - S12 - S7 - EF-2 - EF-1 alpha - S10 - ORF3 - ORF4 - 3' was found...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02106178
更新日期：1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pituitary prolactin, like growth hormone (GH) and several other protein hormones, shows an episodic pattern of molecular evolution in which sustained bursts of rapid change contrast with long periods of slow evolution. A period of rapid change occurred in the evolution of prolactin in primates, leading to marked seque...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-004-0239-9
更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Using gene genealogies constructed from gene sequence data, we show that both the mucosal and cutaneous papillomaviruses (PV)-supergroups A and B-appear to have been transmitted through susceptible populations faster than exponentially. The data and methods involved (1) examining the PV database for phylogenetic signa...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/pl00006136
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Members of the serpin (serine protease inhibitor) superfamily of genes are well represented in both human and murine genomes. In many cases it is possible to identify a definite ortholog on the basis of sequence similarity and by examining the surrounding genes at syntenic loci. We have recently examined the murine se...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-004-2640-9
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Here we analyze the molecular evolution of the beta-esterase gene cluster in the Drosophila genus using the recently released genome sequences of 12 Drosophila species. Molecular evolution in this small cluster is noteworthy because it contains contrasting examples of the types and stages of loss of gene function. Spe...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-009-9236-3
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have performed DNA-DNA hybridization experiments among several species of Drosophila using the evolutionarily conserved portion of the genome representing sequences coding for amino acids of proteins. This was done by using as tracer, radioactively labeled complementary DNA that was reverse transcribed from adult m...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00182390
更新日期：1992-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper presents an essentially new method used to construct phylogenetic trees from related amino acid sequences. The method is based on a new distance measure which describes sequence relationships by means of typical steric and physicochemical properties of the amino acids and is advantageous in some essential p...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00160324
更新日期：1995-10-01 00:00:00
