Abstract：
:Immune checkpoints are known to contribute to tumor progression by enhancing cancer's ability to evade the immune system and metastasize. Immunotherapies, including monoclonal antibodies, have been developed to target specific immunosuppressive molecules on the membranes of cancer cells and have proven revolutionary in the field of oncology. Recently, small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) have gained increased attention in cancer research with potential applications in immunotherapy. SMIs have desirable benefits over large-molecule inhibitors, such as monoclonal antibodies, including greater cell permeability, organ specificity, longer half-lives, cheaper production costs, and the possibility for oral administration. This paper will review the mechanisms by which noteworthy and novel immune checkpoints contribute to tumor progression, and how they may be targeted by SMIs and epigenetic modifiers to offer possible adjuvants to established therapeutic regimens. SMIs target immune checkpoints in several ways, such as blocking signaling between tumorigenic factors, building immune tolerance, and direct inhibition via epigenetic repression of immune inhibitory molecules. Further investigation into combination therapies utilizing SMIs and conventional cancer therapies will uncover new treatment options that may provide better patient outcomes across a range of cancers.
journal_name
Am J Transl Resjournal_title
American journal of translational researchauthors
Smith WM,Purvis IJ,Bomstad CN,Labak CM,Velpula KK,Tsung AJ,Regan JN,Venkataraman S,Vibhakar R,Asuthkar Ssubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-02-15 00:00:00pages
529-541issue
2issn
1943-8141journal_volume
11pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) is a common sequelae of thoracic irradiation. Currently, there is no effective prevention and treatment strategy. Oxidative stress is associated with the development of RIHD. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 38 (PACAP38) has been defined as the multipotent prope...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2019-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of this paper was to investigate the suitability of the miniature pig as a large animal model of cochlear implantation (CI). Micro-CT scanning and three-dimensional reconstructions of the inner ear were completed in six animals. Photographs of the procedures and measurements of the inner ear were made. T...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2016-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Postoperative fever is prevalent in many breast cancer patients. Some retrospective studies proposed that postoperative fever might also be considered as a rapid rough indicator for the poor prognosis of breast cancer patients. This study aims to explore the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the relapse of brea...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2018-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the initiation and development of breast cancer and lncRNA H19 is a potential oncogenic factor; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In the present study, the regulatory functions of H19 in breast ...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2019-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Background: Hypoxia has been reported to possess the ability to induce mature lipid-filled adipocytes to differentiate into fibroblast-like multipotent dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells and stem cells such as iPSCs (interstitial pluripotent stem cells) and ESCs (embryonic stem cells) and then to differentiate into car...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2016-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:RAB18, a member of the Ras family, has been suggested to play a critical role in multiple biological process. However, its functions in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown. In the present study, the expression and biological role of RAB18 in HCC were investigated. Results showed that the e...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2019-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Myoblasts characterize by the potential to transform into skeletal muscle, and involve in processes of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an important protein of PI3K signaling pathway in muscle metabolism and physiology. This study aimed to investigate effects of mTO...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2018-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The serine/threonine protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt) constitutes an important node in diverse signaling cascades downstream of growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. Akt plays an essential role in cell survival, growth, migration, proliferation, polarity, and metabolism (lipid and glucose); cell cycle prog...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although abnormal expression of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MEG3 has been reported in multiple cancer types, the role of MEG3 in the pathobiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. This study evaluated the expression of lncRNA MEG3 and a microRNA (miRNA-10a-5p) implicated in HCC metastasis in canc...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2019-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The survival kinase Akt and the tumor suppressor LKB1 elicit opposite effects on cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. The present study demonstrates that Akt acts as an upstream kinase of LKB1 to promote the phosphorylation at Ser334 and facilitate its binding to 14-3-3 proteins, resulting in a decreased interaction ...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Endothelial barrier dysfunction is a critical pathophysiological process of pulmonary ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in patients scheduled for cardiopulmonary bypass. Impaired actin cytoskeleton dynamics and cell-cell junctions are the main causes of endothelial dysfunction. Statins have protective effects on I/R-i...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2020-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was aimed to investigate the functional roles of cytokine receptor (CXCR) CXCR2 and CXCR7 in esophageal cancer (EC). Specific small interfering RNAs (siRNA) against CXCR2 and CXCR7 were transfected into EC cell lines TE-1, EC9706, and EC109 cells. Expression of CXCR2 and CXCR7 was validated, along with cell...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2016-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：UNLABELLED:Oxidative stress plays an important role in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. Nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that orchestrates the antioxidant and cytoprotective responses to oxidative stress. In the present study, we tested whether tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) c...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2015-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The house dust mite (HDM), Dermatophagoidesfarinae (D. farina), is one of the most important indoor allergen sources and a major elicitor of allergic asthma; itscharacterization is important in the diagnosis and immunotherapy of mite allergen-relevant diseases. This study aims to characterize a novel allergen, the D. ...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2015-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Background: Pericardial patches are frequently used in vascular surgery to close arteriotomies. The early healing of these patches is mediated by attraction of CD34 and ephrinB2-positive cells. Atorvastatin is a commonly used statin drug that promotes healing of cardiovascular injury. We hypothesized that atorvastatin...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2018-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Objectives: Persistent low-grade chronic inflammation is common in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. To date, the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate gut microbiota and the expression of monocyte surface molecules in obese T2D subjects who underwent Roux-en-Y ...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2017-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (rHCC) patients with microvascular invasive (MVI) positive at first resection usually had poorly differentiated tumors and worse survivals. The optimal treatment for this population remains to be elucidated. METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed 319 rHCC patients with MVI-po...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2019-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) can be complicated by autoimmune features associated with rheumatologic disorders, which have been commonly reported by more researches currently. The intrinsic correlation between CMML and autoimmune diseases can create significant pitfalls in differential diagnosis. CMML occasi...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type：
doi：
更新日期：2019-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:To further explore the role of PPARγ in QL treatment, ISO-induced mice model and following methods were established. METHODS:Cardiac remodeling on mice model was induced by isoproterenol (ISO) infusion or saline infusion as control for two weeks then divided into 4 groups, after that divided in 5 different ...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2017-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Circular RNA hsa_circ_0002024 has been reported to be underexpressed in bladder cancer (BC). However, the biological role of hsa_circ_0002024 in BC and its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the expression levels of hsa_circ_0002024 and miR-197-3p were examined by quantitative real-time pol...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2019-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Depression is prevalence in patients with laryngeal cancer. In this study, we aim to investigate whether psychological intervention could reduce the depression of patients receiving cancer treatment. In this study, 258 patients with laryngeal cancer were assigned into two groups with or without psychological intervent...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2020-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based bone tissue engineering is a promising treatment option for maxillary sinus augmentation. Rapid vascularization is necessary to enhance the osteoinductive efficacy and prevent necrosis of the tissue-engineered bone. This study investigated whether the co-autotransplantation ...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2020-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a class of non-coding RNAs that are emerging as important regulators during tumorigenesis and provide potential targets for cancer intervention. However, the expression profiles and functions of circRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been completely clarified. ...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2018-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Increasing evidence demonstrate that dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). However, the specific miR-761 in cancer remains largely unknown. In this study, we reported for the first that miR-761 expression was down-regulated in PTC tissue...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2019-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:As an autoimmune disease, myasthenia gravis is caused by the dysfunction of neural transmission. Acetylcholine is known to exert its function after entering into synaptic cleft through binding onto postsynaptic membrane. The role of acetylcholine in binding MuSK in myasthenia gravis, however, remains unknown. A total ...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2016-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Random pattern skin flap transplantation is frequently applied in plastic and reconstructive surgery, but the distal part of skin flaps often suffers necrosis due to ischemia. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a natural saponin purified from Astragalus membranaceus, may have beneficial functions for flap survival. In this stu...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2017-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent studies have indicated that ATRA inhibits chondrogenesis and can lead to congenital clubfoot (CCF). The molecular mechanism of ATRA-induced chondrogenesis is not clear. As RhoA/ROCK and SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling play important molecular roles for a variety of cellular processes, we hypothesized that RhoA/ROCK2 and ...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2017-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Sepsis, the most severe manifestation of infection, poses a major challenge to health-care systems around the world. Limited ability to clean and remove the pathogen renders difficulty in septic patients to recover from the phase of immunoparalysis. The present study found the vital role of CX3CR1 internalization on s...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2016-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Targeted oncolytic adenoviruses can selectively replicate in cancer cells; combined with traditional chemotherapy drugs, this approach is expected to become an important treatment method for overcoming the current bottleneck of osteosarcoma treatment. Here, we investigate the effect of oncolytic adenovirus Ad11 combin...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章,收录出版
doi：
更新日期：2020-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Xp11.2 translocation/transcription factor E3 (TFE3) gene fusion renal cell carcinoma (Xp11.2 translocation RCC) was first classified as a distinct type of renal tumor by the World Health Organization in 2004. However, its morphology and clinical manifestations often overlap with those of conventional RCCs. Moreover, a...
journal_title：American journal of translational research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2019-01-15 00:00:00
