Abstract:
:Integration of the reverse transcribed viral genome into host chromatin is the hallmark of retroviral replication. Yet, during natural HIV infection, various unintegrated viral DNA forms exist in abundance. Though linear viral cDNA is the precursor to an integrated provirus, increasing evidence suggests that transcription and translation of unintegrated DNAs prior to integration may aid productive infection through the expression of early viral genes. Additionally, unintegrated DNA has the capacity to result in preintegration latency, or to be rescued and yield productive infection and so unintegrated DNA, in some circumstances, may be considered to be a viral reservoir. Recently, there has been interest in further defining the role and function of unintegrated viral DNAs, in part because the use of anti-HIV integrase inhibitors leads to an abundance of unintegrated DNA, but also because of the potential use of non-integrating lentiviral vectors in gene therapy and vaccines. There is now increased understanding that unintegrated viral DNA can either arise from, or be degraded through, interactions with host DNA repair enzymes that may represent a form of host antiviral defence. This review focuses on the role of unintegrated DNA in HIV infection and additionally considers the potential implications for antiviral therapy.
journal_name
Retrovirologyjournal_title
Retrovirologyauthors
Sloan RD,Wainberg MAdoi
10.1186/1742-4690-8-52subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-07-01 00:00:00pages
52issn
1742-4690pii
1742-4690-8-52journal_volume
8pub_type
杂志文章,评审相关文献
Retrovirology文献大全abstract:BACKGROUND:While viruses have long been shown to capitalize on their limited genomic size by utilizing both strands of DNA or complementary DNA/RNA intermediates to code for viral proteins, it has been assumed that human retroviruses have all their major proteins translated only from the plus or sense strand of RNA, de...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-3-80
更新日期:2006-11-08 00:00:00
abstract::Previous studies have reported that various inbred SAM mouse strains differ markedly with regard to a variety of parameters, such as capacity for learning and memory, life spans and brain histopathology. A potential cause of differences seen in these strains may be based on the fact that some strains have a high conce...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-5-104
更新日期:2008-11-25 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The recently approved anti-AIDS drug rilpivirine (TMC278, Edurant) is a nonnucleoside inhibitor (NNRTI) that binds to reverse transcriptase (RT) and allosterically blocks the chemical step of DNA synthesis. In contrast to earlier NNRTIs, rilpivirine retains potency against well-characterized, clinically rele...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-9-99
更新日期:2012-12-05 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:One facet of the complexity underlying the biology of HIV-1 resides not only in its limited number of viral proteins, but in the extensive repertoire of cellular proteins they interact with and their higher-order assembly. HIV-1 encodes the regulatory protein Tat (86-101aa), which is essential for HIV-1 repl...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-6-47
更新日期:2009-05-19 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In the acute phase of infection with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), the virus targets activated CD4+ T cells by utilising CD134 (OX40) as a primary attachment receptor and CXCR4 as a co-receptor. The nature of the virus-receptor interaction varies between isolates; strains such as GL8 and CPGammer reco...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-7-38
更新日期:2010-04-26 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:All human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) uses a host tRNALys,3 as the primer for reverse transcription. The tRNALys,3 is bound to a region on the HIV-1 genome, the primer-binding site (PBS), that is complementary to the 18 terminal nucleotides of tRNALys,3. How HIV-1 selects the tRNA from the intracellular m...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-2-21
更新日期:2005-03-24 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Retroviruses have a diploid genome and recombine at high frequency. Recombinant proviruses can be generated when two genetically different RNA genomes are packaged into the same retroviral particle. It was shown in several studies that recombinant proviruses could be generated in each round of HIV-1 replicat...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-2-3
更新日期:2005-01-18 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The Tax proteins encoded by human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) are transcriptional activators of both the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) and cellular promoters via the CREB and NFkB pathways. In contrast to HTLV-1, HTLV-2 has been classified into four distinct genetic subtypes A...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-3-20
更新日期:2006-03-21 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Cellular infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) both in vitro and in vivo requires a member of the chemokine receptor family to act as a co-receptor for viral entry. However, it is presently unclear to what extent the interaction of HIV proteins with chemokine receptors generates intracellular sig...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-2-23
更新日期:2005-04-04 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:It has been shown that socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with adherence to treatment of patients with several chronic diseases. However, there is a controversy regarding the impact of SES on adherence among patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or acquired immunodeficiency syn...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 社论,评审
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-5-13
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Efficient targeted gene transfer and cell type specific transgene expression are important for the safe and effective expression of transgenes in vivo. Enveloped viral vectors allow insertion of exogenous membrane proteins into their envelopes, which could potentially aid in the targeted transduction of spec...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-2-80
更新日期:2005-12-21 00:00:00
abstract::As HIV has fueled a global resurgence of tuberculosis over the last several decades, there is a growing awareness that HIV-mediated impairments in both innate and adaptive immunity contribute to the heightened risk of tuberculosis in people with HIV. Since early immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) set...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1186/s12977-020-00540-2
更新日期:2020-09-23 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Interferon induced transmembrane proteins 1, 2 and 3 (IFITMs) belong to a family of highly related antiviral factors that have been shown to interfere with a large spectrum of viruses including Filoviruses, Coronaviruses, Influenza virus, Dengue virus and HIV-1. In all these cases, the reported mechanism of ...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0103-y
更新日期:2014-11-25 00:00:00
abstract::HIV-mediated CD4 depletion is the hallmark of AIDS and is the most reliable predictor of disease progression. While HIV replication is associated with CD4 depletion in general, plasma viremia by itself predicts the rate of CD4 loss only minimally in untreated patients. To resolve this paradox, I hypothesize the existe...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-6-41
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma (ATLL) is a chemotherapy-resistant malignancy with a median survival of less than one year that will afflict between one hundred thousand and one million individuals worldwide who are currently infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. Recurrent somatic mutations in hos...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12977-020-00535-z
更新日期:2020-08-28 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Previous studies suggest that active selection limits the number of HIV-1 variants acquired by a newly infected individual from the diverse variants circulating in the transmitting partner. We compared HIV-1 envelopes from 9 newly infected subjects and their linked transmitting partner to explore potential m...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-10-162
更新日期:2013-12-26 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Chemokine receptors (CKRs), the primordial receptors for primate lentiviruses, are sufficient to mediate virus-cell fusion. Several different fusogenic CKRs and related receptors provide a broad potential host cell range, presumably advantageous for viral spread within a given infected individual, and across...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-9-61
更新日期:2012-07-25 00:00:00
abstract::This editorial comments on selected progress made in combating the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) after 26 years and some of the remaining challenges. ...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-4-86
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Emergence of drug-resistant strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a major obstacle to successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected patients. Whether antiviral immunity can augment ART by suppressing replication of drug-resistant HIV-1 in humans is not well understood, but can b...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-3-97
更新日期:2006-12-21 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Reducing transmission of HIV-1 through breast milk is needed to help decrease the burden of pediatric HIV/AIDS in society. We have previously reported that alkyl sulfates (i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) are microbicidal against HIV-1 at low concentrations, are biodegradable, have little/no toxicity and a...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-2-28
更新日期:2005-04-29 00:00:00
abstract::Sidaction's appeal regarding the sentencing of medical personnels in the Libyan-HIV infection cases. ...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-3-98
更新日期:2006-12-27 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), the remnants of ancient retroviral infections, constitute approximately 8% of human genomic DNA. Since HERV-K Gag expression is induced by HIV-1 Tat in T cells, induced HERV-K proteins could affect HIV-1 replication. Indeed, previously we showed that HERV-K Gag and HIV-...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12977-017-0351-8
更新日期:2017-04-26 00:00:00
abstract::The 16th International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV and Related Retroviruses was held in Montreal, Québec from June 26th to June 30th, 2013 and was therefore hosted by a Canadian city for the first time. The major topic of the meeting was human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) and was covered through distinct...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type:
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-11-19
更新日期:2014-02-24 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Crocodilians are thought to be hosts to a diverse and divergent complement of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) but a comprehensive investigation is yet to be performed. The recent sequencing of three crocodilian genomes provides an opportunity for a more detailed and accurate representation of the ERV diversit...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0071-2
更新日期:2014-12-12 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:HIV-1 budding is directed primarily by two motifs in Gag p6 designated as late domain-1 and -2 that recruit ESCRT machinery by binding Tsg101 and Alix, respectively, and by poorly characterized determinants in the capsid (CA) domain. Here, we report that a conserved Gag p6 residue, S40, impacts budding media...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-10-143
更新日期:2013-11-21 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:We have previously reported that CD4 T cells from some exposed uninfected (EU) Vietnamese intravenous drug users are relatively resistant to HIV infection in vitro. Here, we further characterized the restriction of viral replication in CD4 T cells from five EUs and assessed its persistence in serial samples....
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-3-81
更新日期:2006-11-08 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Eradication of HIV cannot be achieved with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) because of the persistence of long-lived latently infected resting memory CD4(+) T cells. We previously reported that HIV latency could be established in resting CD4(+) T cells in the presence of the chemokine CCL19. To defi...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0284-7
更新日期:2016-07-26 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Ankyrins are cellular mediators of a number of essential protein-protein interactions. Unlike intrabodies, ankyrins are composed of highly structured repeat modules characterized by disulfide bridge-independent folding. Artificial ankyrin molecules, designed to target viral components, might act as intracell...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1742-4690-9-17
更新日期:2012-02-20 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The replication of HBV involves the production of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) from the HBV genome through the repair of virion relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA) in the virion. As cccDNA is the transcription template for HBV genomes, it needs to be eliminated from hepatocytes if the eradication of chro...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0318-1
更新日期:2016-12-20 00:00:00
abstract::Few years after HTLV-1 identification and isolation in humans, STLV-1, its simian counterpart, was discovered. It then became clear that STLV-1 is present almost in all simian species. Subsequent molecular epidemiology studies demonstrated that, apart from HTLV-1 subtype A, all human subtypes have a simian homolog. As...
journal_title:Retrovirology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1186/s12977-019-0503-0
更新日期:2019-12-16 00:00:00