Abstract:
:Second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonists (antihistamines) have been developed to reduce or eliminate the sedation and anticholinergic adverse effects that occur with older H1 receptor antagonists. This article evaluates second-generation antihistamines, including acrivastine, astemizole, azelastine, cetirizine, ebastine, fexofenadine, ketotifen, loratadine, mizolastine and terfenadine, for significant features that affect choice. In addition to their primary mechanism of antagonising histamine at the H1 receptor, these agents may act on other mediators of the allergic reaction. However, the clinical significance of activity beyond that mediated by histamine H1 receptor antagonism has yet to be demonstrated. Most of the agents reviewed are metabolised by the liver to active metabolites that play a significant role in their effect. Conditions that result in accumulation of astemizole, ebastine and terfenadine may prolong the QT interval and result in torsade de pointes. The remaining agents reviewed do not appear to have this risk. For allergic rhinitis, all agents are effective and the choice should be based on other factors. For urticaria, cetirizine and mizolastine demonstrate superior suppression of wheal and flare at the dosages recommended by the manufacturer. For atopic dermatitis, as adjunctive therapy to reduce pruritus, cetirizine, ketotifen and loratadine demonstrate efficacy. Although current evidence does not suggest a primary role for these agents in the management of asthma, it does support their use for asthmatic patients when there is coexisting allergic rhinitis, dermatitis or urticaria.
journal_name
Drugsjournal_title
Drugsauthors
Slater JW,Zechnich AD,Haxby DGdoi
10.2165/00003495-199957010-00004subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-01-01 00:00:00pages
31-47issue
1eissn
0012-6667issn
1179-1950journal_volume
57pub_type
杂志文章,meta分析相关文献
DRUGS文献大全abstract::Currently available quinolones are either inactive or marginally active against anaerobic bacteria. This review summarises the in vitro activity of currently available as well as experimental quinolones against clinically significant anaerobic bacteria. Quinolones with low activity against anaerobes include ciprofloxa...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199500492-00012
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:SYNOPSIS:Acitretin (etretin), a second generation monoaromatic retinoid for use in the treatment of severe psoriasis and other dermatoses, is the major active metabolite of etretinate and possesses a similar therapeutic index; i.e. a similar ratio of clinical efficacy to adverse effects. When used alone at a maintenanc...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003495-199243040-00010
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Arrhythmia treatment has always been difficult, particularly as there are no good indicators of the optimal management strategy. The introduction of new antiarrhythmic agents has forced reappraisal of how these drugs are used. Dynamic electrocardiography and invasive electrophysiological studies are important tools fo...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-198836050-00005
更新日期:1988-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acitretin (etretin), a second generation monoaromatic retinoid for use in the treatment of severe psoriasis and other dermatoses, is the major active metabolite of etretinate and possesses a similar therapeutic index; i.e. a similar ratio of clinical efficacy to adverse effects. When used alone at a maintenance dosage...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199243040-00010
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy is based on a 'symptomatic' therapy that includes ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and on an 'aetiological' therapy aimed at modulating underlying immunological mechanisms. The role of the latter is still debated given the usually indolent course of ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200969100-00002
更新日期:2009-07-09 00:00:00
abstract::Several antihypertensive agents such as thiazide diuretics and some beta-blockers have recently been shown to adversely affect lipid metabolism. Moreover, there is a growing suspicion that the adverse effect on plasma lipids might outweigh the favourable effect of lowering blood pressure. The effect of ketanserin tart...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003495-198800361-00006
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED:Joint pain is the main complaint in patients affected by osteoarthritis (OA), and NSAIDs are commonly used to treat pain associated with OA. Over the past few years, cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2-selective inhibitors have been proved to have certain advantages over non-selective NSAIDs and have been increasingly u...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2165/00003495-200363001-00006
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Iloprost is an analogue of epoprostenol (prostacyclin; PGI2; a potent but short-lived prostanoid mainly produced in the vascular endothelium) and mimics the pharmacodynamic properties of this compound, namely: inhibition of platelet aggregation, vasodilatation and, as yet ill-defined, cytoprotection. Improved metaboli...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199243060-00008
更新日期:1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Stavudine is a nucleoside analogue which undergoes intracellular phosphorylation to its active metabolite, stavudine-5'-triphosphate. At clinically relevant concentrations, the active metabolite restricts HIV replication by inhibiting the inclusion of thymidine-5'-triphosphate into proviral DNA by HIV reverse transcri...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199651050-00009
更新日期:1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Meloxicam is a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) developed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. It has greater in vitro and in vivo inhibitory action against the inducible isoform of cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2), which is implicated in the inflammatory response, than against the const...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199651030-00007
更新日期:1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The prevalence of use of long-term systemic glucocorticoid therapy in the general adult population is 1 %. This figure increases to up to 3 % in elderly women. Metabolic (i.e. diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, weight gain, lipodystrophy) and cardiovascular (i.e. hypertension, cardiovascular events) adverse events are c...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40265-014-0282-9
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The advent of thrombolytic therapy was a major advance in the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The administration of fibrinolytic reperfusion therapy can reduce mortality rates by as much as 30%, with the greatest benefit observed if therapy is administered soon after symptom onset. Out...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11317670-000000000-00000
更新日期:2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone in normal subjects, and in patients with hepatic and renal dysfunction are reviewed. After intravenous administration of 2 g of cefoperazone, levels in serum ranged from 202 to 375 microgram/ml depending on the period of drug administration. After intramuscular injection of 2 g of ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-198100221-00010
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The original article can be found online. ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 已发布勘误
doi:10.1007/s40265-020-01407-8
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) was formally defined in 1988 to describe a syndrome of severe and disabling fatigue of uncertain aetiology associated with a variable number of somatic and/or psychological symptoms. CFS has been reported in most industrialised countries and is most prevalent in women aged between 20...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199346040-00005
更新日期:1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Echinocandins are a new class of antifungal agents with a novel mechanism of action (interference with fungal cell wall synthesis). Caspofungin (Cancidas), Caspofungin MSD) is the first echinocandin to be approved and is administered intravenously. Caspofungin 50 mg/day had similar efficacy to intravenous fluconazole ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200363200-00008
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::ZD1839 ('Iressa') is an orally active, selective epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor which blocks signal transduction pathways implicated in the proliferation and survival of cancer cells and other host-dependent processes promoting cancer growth. In preclinical studies, ZD1839 produced reversib...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200060001-00004
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The most positive results in this area have been those of the second Danish Study Group on Verapamil in Myocardial Infarction (1990) which assessed the benefit of treatment with verapamil from the second week after myocardial infarction. Verapamil produced a significant reduction in both mortality and reinfarction rat...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199100421-00005
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune condition that affects up to 2% of the general population. Currently available treatment options for AA are of limited efficacy and can be associated with adverse effects. The advancement in understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of AA has led to the development of ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40265-020-01293-0
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer-related anorexia/cachexia (CAC) is a complex phenomenon in which metabolic abnormalities, proinflammatory cytokines produced by the host immune system, circulating tumour-derived catabolic factors, decreased food intake, and probably additional unknown factors, all play different roles. This review examines the...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200161040-00004
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Kaposi's sarcoma is the most common malignancy associated with HIV infection, and the morbidity and mortality attributable to AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS) may be increasing. No curative therapy is available for AIDS-KS, but palliative therapy can eliminate or reduce cosmetically unacceptable lesions, reduce...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199448040-00006
更新日期:1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are many current concepts of the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases which incorporate immunological, infectious and hereditary factors. Rheumatic diseases may sometimes become apparent after trauma, be associated with certain diseases and may be induced by nerve damage and serum sickness. Systemic lupuserythemat...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003495-197510050-00008
更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of enalapril on clinical well-being, treadmill exercise performance, haemodynamic measurements, hormone levels, and plasma biochemistry in patients with moderate heart failure, were assessed in a 12-week placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Maintenance frusemide and digoxin treatment was continued throu...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003495-198500301-00011
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite remarkable advances in cardiovascular therapeutics, sudden cardiac death remains a significant problem. In this review, data from clinical trials and other studies on antiarrhythmic therapies have been evaluated in order to determine effective strategies for the prevention of sudden cardiac death in high risk ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199754020-00003
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this paper the different aspects of the role played by alpha-adrenoceptors in the control of renin secretion from the juxtaglomerular apparatus and renal sodium and water reabsorption, and the effects of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists on systemic haemodynamics, will be investigated. Animal experiments suggest that ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-198800356-00007
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Damoctocog alfa pegol (Jivi®) is approved in the USA, EU, Japan and Canada for the treatment and prophylaxis of previously treated patients aged ≥ 12 years with haemophilia A. Formulated with a 60 kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety, damoctocog alfa pegol is an intravenously (IV) administered recombinant factor VIII ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40265-019-01152-7
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cytotoxic chemotherapy plays a key role in the treatment of carcinoma for thousands of patients annually who either present with metastatic disease or relapse after surgical excision of apparently localised disease. Unfortunately, there is such a wide range of responsiveness to drug therapy within individual tumour ty...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-198326050-00004
更新日期:1983-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada®) is an anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody approved in the EU for the treatment of highly active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). In phase 3 trials in patients with active RRMS, intravenous alemtuzumab was more effective than subcutaneous interferon β-1a in terms of decreasing relapse ra...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40265-020-01437-2
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Insulin glargine is a human insulin analogue prepared by recombinant DNA technology. Modification of the human insulin molecule at position A21 and at the C-terminus of the B-chain results in the formation of a stable compound that is soluble at pH 4.0, but forms amorphous microprecipitates in subcutaneous tissue from...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200363160-00007
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cisatracurium besilate (besylate) is a nondepolarising neuromuscular blocking agent with an intermediate duration of action. It is the R-cis, R'-cis isomer of atracurium besilate and is approximately 3-fold more potent than the mixture of isomers that constitute the parent drug. The ED95 for cisatracurium besilate (do...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-199753050-00012
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00