Abstract:
:Current law in the United States authorizes physicians to diagnose brain death by applying generally accepted neurologic criteria for determining loss of function of the entire brain. This article offers a medical-legal perspective on problems that may arise with respect to the determination of brain death. These include the possibility of diagnostic error, conceptual disagreements that may constrain the use of neurologic criteria to diagnose death, and the conflation of brain death and loss of consciousness. This article also addresses legal aspects of the debate over whether to expand the definition of brain death to include permanent unconsciousness. Although existing laws draw a clear distinction between brain death and the persistent vegetative state, many courts have authorized removal of life support from individuals whose unconsciousness is believed to be permanent on proof that removal accords with preferences expressed before sentience was lost.
journal_name
Neurol Clinjournal_title
Neurologic clinicsauthors
Beresford HRdoi
10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70132-8subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-05-01 00:00:00pages
295issue
2eissn
0733-8619issn
1557-9875pii
S0733-8619(05)70132-8journal_volume
17pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography provide important and complementary information as part of an electrodiagnostic study. Potential technical problems that are encountered during the studies may interfere with accurate and reliable acquisition of information and interpretation of the data. Recognitio...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2011.12.008
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Meaningful symptom management can have a profound impact on quality of life. It can challenge time parameters during clinic, and therefore thought should be given to strategies that can improve efficiency and thereby make the undertaking more tenable. For any given symptom, the building blocks of care, such as vitamin...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2017.08.015
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The past 40 years have seen the evolution of acute ischemic stroke management from unproven therapies du jour, such as steroids, heparin for stroke in evolution, and hypervolemic-hemodilution, to more of a scientific basis for our decision-making process. This evolution is directly related to the advancements in imagi...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2011.09.014
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Disorders of the autonomic and small nerve fibers comprise a wide spectrum of disease states that cross a multitude of clinical specialties.The evaluation of these disorders allows the investigator to determine the presence or absence of abnormalities in the lightly myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers with minima...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2004.03.002
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immune system plays a significant role in Alzheimer disease (AD). β-Amyloid deposition in the cortex is thought to be an initiating event in AD and the widely believed amyloid hypothesis proposes removal of amyloid may delay disease progression. Human trials of active or passive immune agents have failed to show b...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2013.03.012
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The adverse effects of fetal drug exposures are well documented. Evidence for FAS, impaired intrauterine growth, birth defects, and mental retardation related to alcohol is compelling; evidence for alcohol-induced adverse behaviors and impaired speech is tenuous. Teratogenic, cognitive, or behavioral effects associate...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article describes the physiologic and neural mechanisms that cause neuromuscular fatigue in racquet sports: table tennis, tennis, squash, and badminton. In these intermittent and dual activities, performance may be limited as a match progresses because of a reduced central activation, linked to changes in neurotr...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2007.11.011
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article provides a brief overview of the psychiatric syndromes most common in the elderly patient, as well as those most frequently accompanying neurologic disease. Diagnosis, work up, and treatment of depressive, psychotic, and anxiety disorders are also reviewed. This article is directed toward the practicing n...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70084-0
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors review iatrogenic complications of stereotactic surgery, including tumor biopsy, cyst or abscess aspiration, movement disorder surgery, and radiosurgery. The expected morbidities and steps taken to reduce complications are also discussed. ...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70366-2
更新日期:1998-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuropathies due to nutritional problems can affect certain patient populations and have a varied presentation because of multiple coexistent nutritional deficiencies. Clinicians should consider nutritional neuropathies in patients presenting with neuropathies. Clinicians should be alert for signs and symptoms of neur...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2013.02.002
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The author defines lacunes, classifies types of lacunes and their causes, discusses the correlation between lacunes and specific syndromes, and suggests appropriate therapy. ...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1983-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Psychogenic movement disorders (PMDs) can present with varied phenomenology that may resemble organic movement disorders. The diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation with a supporting history and classic features on neurologic examination. Ancillary testing, such as imaging and neurophysiologic studies, can provide ...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2014.09.013
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prions diseases are uniformly fatal neurodegenerative diseases that occur in sporadic, genetic, and acquired forms. Acquired prion diseases, caused by infectious transmission, are least common. Most prion diseases are not infectious, but occur spontaneously through misfolding of normal prion proteins or genetic mutati...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2018.07.005
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The needle electromyographic (EMG) examination is a challenging component of the electrophysiologic study. Knowledge of anatomy and physiology, sound EMG technique, and good patient rapport are required. Every muscle sampled by needle EMG is assessed for insertional activity, spontaneous activity, and voluntary motor-...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(01)00005-6
更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this article, the authors provide a conceptual framework in which to consider alternative approaches to identify the developmental consequences of exposing the developing brain to neurotoxic substances. Concepts underlying brain development and issues regarding neurobehavioral testing in children are reviewed. In a...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70210-3
更新日期:2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article concentrates primarily on infections of viral origin, although numerous microorganisms can infect the fetal and newborn brain (see Tables 1 and 2). Intrauterine infections occur most often for HIV, CMV and rubella, whereas HSV is preferentially transmitted intrapartum. In the last decade, changes in the e...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The evaluation and treatment of spinal cord injury continues to evolve, enhanced by new imaging modalities. Their application in reference to the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine is discussed. Treatment options, both conservative and surgical, are outlined. ...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sports-related concussions (SRCs) are common among athletes in the United States. Most athletes who sustain an SRC recover within 7 to 10 days; however, many athletes who sustain the injury do not recover as expected and experience prolonged, persistent symptoms. In this document, the authors provide an overview of th...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2017.03.008
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We believe that our present understanding of these syndromes is insufficient to separate CIDP from MMN clearly and consider MMN to be a remarkably multifocal, predominantly motor variant of CIDP with the very unusual electrophysiologic feature of conduction block confined to motor axons. Further studies are clearly ne...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this review, the authors present a critical overview of the historical development, indications, complications, operative techniques, and results of procedures for the alleviation of the major dyskinesias. Emphasis is placed upon recent refinement of technique, particularly stereotaxis, as well as neurophysiologic ...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1987-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The three states of mammalian being--wakefulness, REM sleep, and NREM sleep--are not mutually exclusive and may occur simultaneously, oscillate rapidly, or appear in dissociated or incomplete form to produce primary sleep parasomnias. Dysfunctions of a wide variety of organ systems may take advantage of the sleeping s...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70280-2
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Supratentorial low-grade gliomas comprise a group of primary central nervous system neoplasms with characteristics of neuroglial cells (i.e., astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) and relatively low anaplastic potential, although through time they tend to behave more aggressively. Immediate surgical intervention and subseq...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is no single definition of pharmacoresistant (intractable, refractory) epilepsy. Prospective identification of pharmacoresistance is complicated by the variability of its appearance across different types of epilepsy and the variability of seizure control within a given patient over time. Failure of informative ...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2009.06.001
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a vasculitis of small arteries and veins of unknown cause restricted to the central nervous system (CNS), and controversy and disagreement exist over the means to establish the diagnosis. Cerebral arteriography, cerebrospinal fluid examination, and MRI singly o...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2014.12.004
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Childhood sleep-wake disorders are common and associated with significant impairment of quality of life. The recent discovery of hypocretin deficiency as the pathophysiologic basis for narcolepsy-cataplexy is likely to spur the development of hypocretin analogs for definitive treatment [82,83]. The link between disrup...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(03)00034-3
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Focal, small-to-moderate and transient improvement occurred in the muscle strength and function of patients with ALS who received TRH in dose-response and screening studies. In a small pilot study of 12 patients, 3 months administration of TRH at 10 mg per kg on alternate days resulted in localized increased strength ...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1987-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Encephalitis is an acute infection of brain parenchyma characterized clinically by fever, headache, and an altered level of consciousness. There may also be focal or multifocal neurologic deficits, and focal or generalized seizure activity. This article discusses the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of ...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70168-7
更新日期:1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::As in most areas of clinical medicine, the history often is the key to determining the diagnosis in patients presenting with neurotologic symptoms. The most common cause of vertigo--benign positional vertigo--can be diagnosed at the bedside based on the characteristic history and the finding of fatigable positional ny...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70244-9
更新日期:1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Giant cell arteritis is a systemic vasculitis with a wide clinical spectrum, and it represents a medical emergency. Visual loss is the most feared complication, and when it happens, it tends to be profound and permanent. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are imperative to minimize potentially devastating visual loss and ...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2010.03.002
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a syndrome of increased intracranial pressure of unknown cause that most often occurs in women of childbearing age. Most patients are overweight or obese with a history of recent weight gain. Following a brief review of the symptoms and signs, we discuss the approach to assessme...
journal_title:Neurologic clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2020.09.008
更新日期:2021-02-01 00:00:00