AKT/PKB and other D3 phosphoinositide-regulated kinases: kinase activation by phosphoinositide-dependent phosphorylation.

abstract：:The T lymphocytes of the vertebrate immune system look for changes that take place within the organism by examining a display of peptides at the cell surface. These peptides are presented by the products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). MHC class I products present peptides derived by proteolysis of cyto...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Heemels MT,Ploegh H

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Prenylation is a class of lipid modification involving covalent addition of either farnesyl (15-carbon) or geranylgeranyl (20-carbon) isoprenoids to conserved cysteine residues at or near the C-terminus of proteins. Known prenylated proteins include fungal mating factors, nuclear lamins, Ras and Ras-related GTP-bindin...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Zhang FL,Casey PJ

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A broad view is given of photoregulated processes as they occur in algae, fungi, halophilic bacteria, higher plants, invertebrates, and higher animals. Emphasis is on the following: the organs, tissues, and organelles that participate; the nature of the photoreceptor pigments; the light-induced structural changes that...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Erlanger BF

更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The assembly of individual proteins into functional complexes is fundamental to nearly all biological processes. In recent decades, many thousands of homomeric and heteromeric protein complex structures have been determined, greatly improving our understanding of the fundamental principles that control symmetric and a...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Marsh JA,Teichmann SA

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The rhodopsin crystal structure provides a structural basis for understanding the function of this and other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The major structural motifs observed for rhodopsin are expected to carry over to other GPCRs, and the mechanism of transformation of the receptor from inactive to active for...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Palczewski K

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The complexity of even the simplest known life forms makes efforts to synthesize living cells from inanimate components seem like a daunting task. However, recent progress toward the creation of synthetic cells, ranging from simple protocells to artificial cells approaching the complexity of bacteria, suggests that th...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Blain JC,Szostak JW

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Histone proteins are subject to a host of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that modulate chromatin structure and function. Such control is achieved by the direct alteration of the intrinsic physical properties of the chromatin fiber or by regulating the recruitment and activity of a host of trans-acting nuclear ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Holt M,Muir T

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cys2His2 zinc finger proteins offer a stable and versatile framework for the design of proteins that recognize desired target sites on double-stranded DNA. Individual fingers from these proteins have a simple beta beta alpha structure that folds around a central zinc ion, and tandem sets of fingers can contact neighbo...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Pabo CO,Peisach E,Grant RA

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Regulation of gene transcription is vitally important for the maintenance of normal cellular homeostasis. Failure to correctly regulate gene expression, or to deal with problems that arise during the transcription process, can lead to cellular catastrophe and disease. One of the ways cells cope with the challenges of ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Geng F,Wenzel S,Tansey WP

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glycoproteins have a wide distribution in nature and serve a vast number of functions. There are glycoprotein enzymes and hormones; glycoproteins are found in blood and secretions, in cell membranes, and in connective tissue. Of all the biologically occurring macromolecules the glycoproteins, which consist of carbohyd...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Kornfeld R,Kornfeld S

更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The existence and function of actin in the nucleus has been hotly debated for forty years. Recently, beta-actin was found to be a component of mammalian SWI/SNF-like BAF chromatin remodeling complexes and still more recently other SWI/SNF-related chromatin remodeling complexes in yeast, flies, and man. Although the fu...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Olave IA,Reck-Peterson SL,Crabtree GR

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on eukaryotic translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases, and the emphasis is on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human Y-family polymerases (Pols) eta, iota, kappa, and Rev1, as well as on Polzeta, which is a member of the B-family polymerases. The fidelity, mismatch extension ability, and lesion byp...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Prakash S,Johnson RE,Prakash L

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aerobic life is possible because the molecular structure of oxygen (O2) makes direct reaction with most organic materials at ambient temperatures an exceptionally slow process. Of course, these reactions are inherently very favorable, and they occur rapidly with the release of a great deal of energy at high temperatur...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Banerjee R,Jones JC,Lipscomb JD

更新日期：2019-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Mechanisms of chemical reaction can often be predicted by determining the dependence of the lifetime of reaction intermediates on the structure of the reactants. When there is no lifetime in the presence of another reactant or catalyst the reaction proceeds through an enforced concerted mechanism. Noncovalent binding ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Jencks WP

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The relationship between protein dynamics and function is a subject of considerable contemporary interest. Although protein motions are frequently observed during ligand binding and release steps, the contribution of protein motions to the catalysis of bond making/breaking processes is more difficult to probe and veri...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Klinman JP,Kohen A

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is an evolutionarily conserved process that corrects mismatches generated during DNA replication and escape proofreading. MMR proteins also participate in many other DNA transactions, such that inactivation of MMR can have wide-ranging biological consequences, which can be either beneficial o...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Kunkel TA,Erie DA

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:My coworkers and I have used animal viruses and their interaction with host cells to investigate cellular processes difficult to study by other means. This approach has allowed us to branch out in many directions, including membrane protein characterization, endocytosis, secretion, protein folding, quality control, an...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Helenius A

更新日期：2020-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Numerous membrane proteins form multisubunit protein complexes, which contain both integral and peripheral subunits, in addition to prosthetic groups. Bacterial membrane proteins are inserted into the inner membrane by the Sec translocase and YidC insertase. Their folding can be facilitated by YidC and the phospholipi...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Dalbey RE,Wang P,Kuhn A

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inactivation of the transcription factor p53, through either direct mutation or aberrations in one of its many regulatory pathways, is a hallmark of virtually every tumor. In recent years, screening for p53 activators and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of oncogenic perturbations of p53 function hav...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Joerger AC,Fersht AR

更新日期：2016-06-02 00:00:00

abstract：:The RNA polymerase II transcription cycle is often divided into three major stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. Research over the last decade has blurred these divisions and emphasized the tightly regulated transitions that occur as RNA polymerase II synthesizes a transcript from start to finish. Transcri...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Arndt KM,Reines D

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review is concerned with the structures and mechanisms of a superfamily of regulatory GTP hydrolases (G proteins). G proteins include Ras and its close homologs, translation elongation factors, and heterotrimeric G proteins. These proteins share a common structural core, exemplified by that of p21ras (Ras), and s...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Sprang SR

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Active transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm involves primarily three classes of macromolecules: substrates, adaptors, and receptors. Some transport substrates bind directly to an import or an export receptor while others require one or more adaptors to mediate formation of a receptor-substrate complex. Once ass...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Mattaj IW,Englmeier L

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The maintenance of the eukaryotic genome requires precisely coordinated replication of the entire genome each time a cell divides. To achieve this coordination, eukaryotic cells use an ordered series of steps to form several key protein assemblies at origins of replication. Recent studies have identified many of the p...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Bell SP,Dutta A

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide forms the outer monolayer of the outer membrane of most gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli lipid A is synthesized on the cytoplasmic surface of the inner membrane by a conserved pathway of nine constitutive enzymes. Following attachment of the core oligosaccharide, nascen...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Raetz CR,Reynolds CM,Trent MS,Bishop RE

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several genes have been identified for monogenic disorders that variably resemble Parkinson's disease. Dominant mutations in the gene encoding alpha-synuclein enhance the propensity of this protein to aggregate. As a consequence, these patients have a widespread disease with protein inclusion bodies in several brain a...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Cookson MR

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The bacterial TolC protein plays a common role in the expulsion of diverse molecules, which include protein toxins and antibacterial drugs, from the cell. TolC is a trimeric 12-stranded alpha/beta barrel, comprising an alpha-helical trans-periplasmic tunnel embedded in the outer membrane by a contiguous beta-barrel ch...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Koronakis V,Eswaran J,Hughes C

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Proton transfer in the bacterial RC associated with the reduction of the bound QB to the dihydroquinone is an important step in the energetics of photosynthetic bacteria. The binding of two protons by the quinone is associated with the transfer of the second electron to QB at a rate of ca. 10(3) s-1 (pH 7). Mutation o...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Okamura MY,Feher G

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genetic, biochemical, and spectroscopic studies have established a new function for an intracellular protein, i.e., guiding and inserting a copper cofactor into the active site of a target enzyme. Studies of these new proteins have revealed a fundamental aspect of copper physiology, namely the vast overcapacity of the...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Huffman DL,O'Halloran TV

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microtubules are polymers that are essential for, among other functions, cell transport and cell division in all eukaryotes. The regulation of the microtubule system includes transcription of different tubulin isotypes, folding of /¿-tubulin heterodimers, post-translation modification of tubulin, and nucleotide-based ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Nogales E

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over the past three decades, studies of ancient biomolecules-particularly ancient DNA, proteins, and lipids-have revolutionized our understanding of evolutionary history. Though initially fraught with many challenges, today the field stands on firm foundations. Researchers now successfully retrieve nucleotide and amin...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Cappellini E,Prohaska A,Racimo F,Welker F,Pedersen MW,Allentoft ME,de Barros Damgaard P,Gutenbrunner P,Dunne J,Hammann S,Roffet-Salque M,Ilardo M,Moreno-Mayar JV,Wang Y,Sikora M,Vinner L,Cox J,Evershed RP,Willerslev E

更新日期：2018-06-20 00:00:00