Abstract：
:The integration of retroviral DNA appears to be obligatory for the efficient replication of retroviruses in their respective host cells. During a natural infection, integration takes place in a process that includes biochemically and temporally discrete steps. These are: (1) the removal of two nucleotides from the 3' ends of newly synthesized linear viral DNA in the host cell cytoplasm; (2) transport of the trimmed viral DNA to the nucleus within a viral protein/DNA complex; and (3) insertion of the viral DNA into host cell DNA via a concerted cleavage and ligation reaction. The cleavage of viral DNA and its subsequent joining to host DNA are catalyzed by the retroviral enzyme, integrase (IN). Elucidation of the mechanistic details of these catalytic activities of IN has relied heavily upon the use of relatively simple in vitro assays which recapitulate the in vivo reactions. These assays and the information derived from them should also facilitate the search for potential inhibitors of IN with the ultimate goal of providing a means to halt retroviral infections, such as that which causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), effectively.
journal_name
Pharmacol Therjournal_title
Pharmacology & therapeuticsauthors
Kulkosky J,Skalka AMdoi
10.1016/0163-7258(94)90062-0subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1994-01-01 00:00:00pages
185-203issue
1-2eissn
0163-7258issn
1879-016Xpii
0163-7258(94)90062-0journal_volume
61pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The gene MUC1 encodes a large membrane-associated glycoprotein, previously termed polymorphic epithelial mucin and now known as MUC1. The majority of the extracellular domain is made up of tandem repeats of 20 amino acids. In some epithelial malignancies, MUC1 is up-regulated, and as a result of changes in glycosyl an...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0163-7258(99)00003-0
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cardiac fibrosis is a pathogenic factor of many cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which seriously affects people's life, and health and causes huge economic losses. Increasing evidence has shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) can regulate the progression of cardiac fibrosis. For the first time, ...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107702
更新日期：2020-10-04 00:00:00
abstract：:The cardiac ryanodine receptor-Ca2+ release channel (RyR2) is an essential sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) transmembrane protein that plays a central role in excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) in cardiomyocytes. Aberrant spontaneous, diastolic Ca2+ leak from the SR due to dysfunctional RyR2 contributes to the formation...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.03.006
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In recent years there has been an explosion of interest in how genes regulate alcohol drinking and contribute to alcoholism. This work has been stimulated by the completion of the human and mouse genome projects and the resulting availability of gene microarrays. Most of this work has been performed in drinking animal...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.09.002
更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ion channels play key roles in determining smooth muscle tone by setting the membrane potential and allowing Ca2+ influx. Perhaps not surprisingly, therefore, they also provide targets for neurotransmitters and other messengers that act on smooth muscle. Application of patch-clamp and molecular biology techniques and ...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0163-7258(97)87271-3
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This review focuses on microRNAs (miRs) in cardiac surgery, where they are emerging as potential targets for therapeutic intervention as well as novel clinical biomarkers. Identification of the up/down-regulation of specific miRs in defined groups of cardiac surgery patients can lead to the development of novel strate...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.11.004
更新日期：2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During physiological development and after a stressor event, vascular cells communicate with each other to evoke new vessel formation-a process known as angiogenesis. This communication occurs via direct contact and via paracrine release of proteins and nucleic acids, both in a free form or encapsulated into micro-ves...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.001
更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Substantial progress in the identification of genes encoding for a large number of proteins responsible for various aspects of neurotransmitter release, postsynaptic detection and downstream signaling, has advanced our understanding of the mechanisms by which neurons communicate and interact. Nicotinic acetylcholine r...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.08.012
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In mediating the transfer of cholesteryl esters (CE) from antiatherogenic high density lipoprotein (HDL) to proatherogenic apolipoprotein (apo)-B-containing lipoprotein particles (including very low density lipoprotein [VLDL], VLDL remnants, intermediate density lipoprotein [IDL], and low density lipoprotein [LDL]), t...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.10.001
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three separate experimental approaches, using site-selective cAMP analogs, antisense strategy and retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer, have provided evidence that two isoforms, the RI- and RII-regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, have opposite roles in cell growth and differentiation; RI being gr...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0163-7258(93)90010-b
更新日期：1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article reviews uses of metabolic suicide genes in gene therapy. Suicide genes encode novel nonmammalian enzymes that can convert a relatively nontoxic prodrug into a highly toxic agent. Cells genetically transduced to express such genes essentially commit metabolic suicide in the presence of the appropriate prod...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0163-7258(94)90046-9
更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Matricellular proteins (MCPs) are the non-structural extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins with various regulatory functions. MCPs are critical regulators of ECM homeostasis and are often found dysregulated in various malignancies. They interact with various proteins like ECM structural proteins, integrins, growth facto...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.09.002
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Increasing epidemiological and experimental evidence implicates gestational infections as one important factor involved in the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric disorders. Corresponding preclinical model systems based upon maternal immune activation (MIA) by treatment of the pregnant female have been developed....
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.001
更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cancer promotion, development, and malignant transformation is greatly influenced by cell-to-cell interactions in a complex tissue microenvironment. Cancer and stromal cells secrete soluble factors, as well as deport membrane-encapsulated structures, which actively contribute and mediate cell-to-cell interaction withi...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107806
更新日期：2021-01-16 00:00:00
abstract：:It is now generally accepted that protein phosphorylation-dephosphorylation has a role in the regulation of essentially all cellular functions. Thus, it is of interest that this process is involved in signal transduction. Nonetheless, the extent to which protein phosphorylation participates in signaling is truly remar...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0163-7258(98)00056-4
更新日期：1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aquaporin (AQP) water and solute channels have basic physiological functions throughout the human body. AQP-facilitated water permeability across cell membranes is required for rapid reabsorption of water from pre-urine in the kidneys and for sustained near isosmolar water fluxes e.g. in the brain, eyes, inner ear, an...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.08.002
更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Enhancing the effects of endogenously-released cannabinoid ligands in the brain might provide therapeutic effects more safely and effectively than administering drugs that act directly at the cannabinoid receptor. Inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) prevent the breakdown of endogenous ligands for cannabino...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.003
更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several amphetamine analogs are potent psychostimulants and major drugs of abuse. In animal models, the psychomotor and reinforcing effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine (METH), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy), and methylphenidate (MPD; Ritalin) are thought to be dependent on increased extracellula...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.08.004
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During the last decade, rigorous scientific methods have been applied to determine the effects of cannabinoids on nociceptive neurotransmission. Cannabinoids have been observed to markedly decrease signalling in specific neural pathways that transmit messages about pain. These effects were found to be due to the suppr...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0163-7258(02)00252-8
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Artemisinins are a unique class of antimalarial drugs with significant potential for drug repurposing for a wide range of diseases including cancer. Cancer is a leading cause of death globally and the majority of cancer related deaths occur in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) where conventional treatment option...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107706
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:RANKL is a key molecule that bridges the bone and immune systems. RANKL stimulation activates a signaling pathway downstream of RANK, thereby determining the extent of bone resorption by inducing osteoclast maturation. The signaling pathway also regulates the development of different lymphoid organs, including the thy...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107682
更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since its commercial advent in 1985, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a technique for stimulating neurons in the cerebral cortex through the scalp, safely and with minimal discomfort, has captured the imaginations of scientists, clinicians and lay observers. Initially a laboratory tool for neurophysiologists s...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.09.003
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the past 4 years, RNA interference (RNAi) has become widely used as an experimental tool to analyse the function of mammalian genes, both in vitro and in vivo. By harnessing an evolutionary conserved endogenous biological pathway, first identified in plants and lower organisms, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) reagents ...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.03.004
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists are the mainstay for the acute symptomatic treatment of asthma and provide effective bronchoprotection to a wide range of bronchoconstrictor agents. However, over the past 4 decades there has been a continuing debate concerning whether regular chronic treatment with these drugs may be doi...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.04.009
更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Exacerbations of asthma are the main cause of asthma morbidity. They induce acute respiratory failure, and sometimes death. Two immunological signals acting in synergy are necessary for inducing asthma exacerbations. The first, triggered by allergens and/or unknown agents leads to the chronic Th2 inflammation characte...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.010
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) family includes TRKA, TRKB, and TRKC proteins, which are encoded by NTRK1, NTRK2 and NTRK3 genes, respectively. Binding of neurotrophins to TRK proteins induces receptor dimerization, phosphorylation, and activation of the downstream signaling cascades via PI3K, RAS/MAPK/ERK, and ...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.006
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite some recent declines, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the major cause of death in the United States and worldwide. Most recent advances in the treatment of CVD states have been produced by inhibition of mechanisms involved in disease progress. Many studies conducted in the last decade have illustrated inc...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0163-7258(00)00114-5
更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is substantial molecular evidence for the involvement of beta1 integrin in tissue organisation and remodelling, which confers a key role in cell growth, differentiation, migration, and survival. This role has been, in part, highlighted using the transgenic approach which does little to define the more subtle fun...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.07.002
更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Type I signal peptidases are essential membrane-bound serine proteases that function to cleave the amino-terminal signal peptide extension from proteins that are translocated across biological membranes. The bacterial signal peptidases are unique serine proteases that utilize a Ser/Lys catalytic dyad mechanism in plac...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0163-7258(00)00064-4
更新日期：2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Synaptic inhibition plays a key role in regulating neuronal excitability and information processing in the brain. The strength of synaptic inhibition is therefore an important determinant of both cellular and network activity levels in the central nervous system (CNS). gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor...
journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.03.012
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
