Abstract：
:Heavy metals in the environment originate from both human activities and natural processes. Exposure to these metals can result in important changes to immune activity. Depending on the metal and dose, these changes can result in enhanced immune function, diminished immune responses, or altered responses that produce autoimmune disease. One of the intriguing aspects of these various phenomena are the multiple points of interaction with cellular machinery at which metals elicit these changes. The individual sections of this review serve to underscore the variety of targets that can be altered by exposure to heavy metals, and provide some comparisons between the effects of specific heavy metals on the immune system. These observations may ultimately lead us to a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which metals alter the immune system, and may enable the development of countermeasures to offset these effects.
journal_name
Toxicol Appl Pharmacoljournal_title
Toxicology and applied pharmacologyauthors
Lynes MA,Fontenot AP,Lawrence DA,Rosenspire AJ,Pollard KMdoi
10.1016/j.taap.2005.04.021subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-01-01 00:00:00pages
9-16issue
1-2eissn
0041-008Xissn
1096-0333pii
S0041-008X(05)00210-3journal_volume
210pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Juvenile rat toxicity studies with the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren were initiated to support treatment in the pediatric population. In Study 1, aliskiren was administered orally to juvenile rats at doses of 0, 30, 100 or 300 mg/kg/day with repeated dosing from postpartum day (PPD) 8 to PPD 35/36. In-life, clinica...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2013.12.019
更新日期：2014-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of age and sex on the elimination of theophylline in New Zealand White rabbits was investigated following exposure to 0.3 ppm of ozone (O3) for 3.75 hr/day over 5 consecutive days. Animals were given air alone 5 to 7 days before and after the 5 days of O3 exposure. The elimination half-life of theophylline ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(85)90118-8
更新日期：1985-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Female Golden Syrian hamsters, F-344 rats, Swiss CD-1 mice, and B6C3F1 hybrid mice were exposed 6 hr/day, 5 days/week to carcinogenic levels of vinyl chloride (VC) for 6, 12, 18, or 24 months (rats and hamsters only). Other groups of rodents were held for 6 or 12 months and then exposed for 6 or 12 months. At the end ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(83)90361-7
更新日期：1983-03-30 00:00:00
abstract：:In the present study we have examined the effects of hydrocarbons on the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human neutrophil granulocytes in vitro. We found that hydrocarbons induce ROS formation in a concentration-dependent manner and that the ROS-inducing potency increases with increasing number of carbon...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0041-008x(03)00158-3
更新日期：2003-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The developing neuroendocrine brain represents a potential target for endocrine active chemicals. The UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) exhibits estrogenic activity, but also interferes with the thyroid axis. We investigated effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to 4-MBC in the same rat offspring at brain...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2006.10.026
更新日期：2007-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Diclofenac, a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been associated with rare but severe cases of clinical hepatotoxicity. Diclofenac causes concentration-dependent cell death in human hepatocytes (after 24-48 h) by mitochondrial permeabilization via poorly defined mechanisms. To explore whether the cyc...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2007.11.030
更新日期：2008-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Acetaminophen (APAP) administration (600 mg/kg, ip) to 18-hr fasted, 3-month-old male CD-1 mice results in necrosis of the convoluted renal proximal tubules with a corresponding elevation of plasma urea nitrogen (BUN). Administration of the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase inhibitor, L-(alpha S,5S)-alpha-amino-3-chloro-4...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1996.0020
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Protection against the toxic effects of chronic alcohol consumption was observed in male guinea pigs maintained on a high-ascorbic-acid diet (vitamin C-deficient chow plus 2.0 mg ascorbic acid/ml drinking water) as compared to animals on a low-ascorbic-acid diet (vitamin C-deficient chow and from 0.025 to 0.050 mg asc...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(86)90141-9
更新日期：1986-06-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Reported similarities in the acute toxic effects of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP), 3-chloro-1,2-propaneoxide (epichlorohydrin, ECH), 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (alphachlorohydrin, ACH), and oxalic acid (OA) have been suggested as presumptive evidence that the metabolism of DBCP to OA, via ECH and ACH, is the cause ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(83)90180-1
更新日期：1983-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Arsenic ingestion has been linked to increasing global prevalence of and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD); arsenic can be removed from drinking water to reduce related health effects. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is used for the evaluation of acute arsenic toxicity in vivo and in vitro, but it is not validat...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.028
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Celecoxib, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2, is being investigated for enhancement of chemotherapy efficacy in cancer clinical trials. This study investigates the ability of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors to sensitize cells from different origins to several chemotherapeutic agents. The effect of the drug's mechanism of a...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2011.06.019
更新日期：2011-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Inhalation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) produces injury to the epithelium of terminal airways and the alveoli proximal to the airways. Techniques were devised to isolate alveolar tissue from this region for morphometric studies to define the extent of alveolar septal injury caused by NO2. One-day-old and six-week-old rat...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(86)90321-2
更新日期：1986-03-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Speciation of arsenicals in biological samples is an essential tool to gain insight into its distribution in tissues and its species-specific toxicity to target organs. Biological samples (urine, hair, fingernail) examined in the present study were collected from 41 people of West Bengal, India, who were drinking arse...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2003.10.030
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The inflammasome is a multi-protein complex which when activated regulates caspase-1 activation and IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. The NLRP3 (NACHT, LRR, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) inflammasome is constitutively assembled and activated in human melanoma cells. We have examined the inhibitory effect of thymoqui...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.027
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The UDP glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract have a crucial role in protection against the toxic effects of lipophilic chemicals in the environment. UGTs such as UGT1A7, UGT1A8, and UGT1A10 are exclusively expressed in gastrointestinal tissues, each with a unique tissue distribution patter...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2004.01.008
更新日期：2004-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The goodness of fit of three PBPK models to data for inhalation uptake of 1,3-butadiene by mice from closed chambers were compared. These models included a classical flow-limited model with blood consolidated into arterial and venous compartments, a flow-limited model with implicit blood and alveolar compartments, and...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1997.8289
更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hepatotoxic doses of acetaminophen cause widespread alkylation of liver and early loss of cytosolic Ca2+ regulation. Although the precise location and target of lethal alkylation are not known, Ca2+ accumulation is viewed as a possible link between cell alkylation and cell death. We have recently shown that Ca2+ accum...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(91)90028-d
更新日期：1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cyclosporin (Cs), a cyclic nonpolar undecapeptide of fungal origin, has potent immunosuppressive and antiparasitic activities, and renal and hepatic toxicities, the mechanisms of which are not worked out. Many nephrotoxins and hepatotoxins are predictably more or less harmful, depending upon the circadian stage at whi...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(85)90279-0
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Arsenic is a well-documented human carcinogen and is known to cause oxidative stress in cultured cells and animals. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship among the levels of urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), the arsenic profile, and urothelial carcinoma (UC). Urinary 8-...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2007.08.021
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Benzene is a ubiquitous occupational and environmental toxicant. Exposures to benzene both prenatally and during adulthood are associated with the development of disorders such as aplastic anemia and leukemia. Mechanisms of benzene toxicity are unknown; however, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by benzene m...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2010.01.002
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 24-hr oral pretreatment of rats with 1.6 g/kg acetaminophen potentiated hepatotoxicity of allyl alcohol, bromobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1-dichloroethylene, and thioacetamide, as assessed by elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase activity and histopathological examination. Doses, of these hepatotoxicants,...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(91)90179-i
更新日期：1991-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), a brominated flame retardant added to various consumer products, is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. We have previously shown that 6-hour exposure to HBCDD disturbs basal and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-induced steroidogenesis in rat Leydig cells. Reduction in mitochondria...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2014.11.001
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Some widely used psychoactive drugs, such as tricyclic antidepressants and antipsychotic phenothiazines exhibit iatrogenic effects on the thyroid. These side effects may arise from interactions at different steps of thyroid hormone biosynthesis. These drugs can induce a change in iodine capture by thyroid cells or can...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/taap.1998.8367
更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Similarly to unleaded gasoline, 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) administered for 2 years caused a dose-related increase in the incidence of renal tumors in male but not in female rats or in either sex of mice. Unleaded gasoline and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP), a component of unleaded gasoline, increased protein droplet...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(89)90117-8
更新日期：1989-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The kidneys are the primary organ for the accumulation and toxicity of inorganic mercury. In these studies the molecular response of precision-cut rabbit renal cortical slices to low levels of inorganic mercury was examined. Cortical slices (275 microm) were obtained from 1.0 kg NZW rabbits and exposed to mercuric chl...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1999.8772
更新日期：1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of tamoxifen on Ca(2+) signaling and viability in Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells was investigated by using fura-2 as a Ca(2+) probe. Tamoxifen evoked a rise in cytosolic free Ca(2+) levels ([Ca(2+)](i)) concentration-dependently between 1 and 50 microM with an EC50 of 10 microM. The response was dec...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.2000.9011
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recently, Gray and Ostby (Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 133, 285-294, 1995) reported that in utero and lactational TCDD exposure causes striking abnormalities in the rat female reproductive system, including reduced fecundity and vaginal threads. The mechanism by which TCDD induces such abnormalities is unknown. Thus, we ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1997.8295
更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A study was undertaken to determine whether alterations in the gene expression or overt histological signs of neurotoxicity in selected regions of the forebrain might occur from acrylamide exposure via drinking water. Gene expression at the mRNA level was evaluated by cDNA array and/or RT-PCR analysis in the striatum,...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2009.07.036
更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dantrolene is an effective antagonist of anesthesia-induced malignant hyperthermia due to a poorly understood action on skeletal muscle. The present study examines whether the red blood cell can be used as a model to investigate the mechanism of dantrolene action. Halothane (4.7 mM) caused 9% hemolysis of red blood ce...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(87)90133-5
更新日期：1987-09-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Intracellular retention of toxic bile salts contributes to hepatocellular injury during cholestasis. We have recently demonstrated that toxic bile salts directly induce apoptosis in hepatocytes. As oxidative stress has been implicated in many models of apoptosis, our aim was to determine if oxidative injury is a criti...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1996.8031
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
