Abstract:
:Cognitive enhancement, the amplification or extension of core capacities of the mind, has become a major topic in bioethics. But cognitive enhancement is a prime example of a converging technology where individual disciplines merge and issues transcend particular local discourses. This article reviews currently available methods of cognitive enhancement and their likely near-term prospects for convergence.
journal_name
Ann N Y Acad Scijournal_title
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciencesauthors
Sandberg A,Bostrom Ndoi
10.1196/annals.1382.015subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-12-01 00:00:00pages
201-27eissn
0077-8923issn
1749-6632pii
1093/1/201journal_volume
1093pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::"Module networks" are a framework to learn gene regulatory networks from expression data using a probabilistic model in which coregulated genes share the same parameters and conditional distributions. We present a method to infer ensembles of such networks and an averaging procedure to extract the statistically most s...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03943.x
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Conservation translocation of species varies from restoring historic populations to managing the relocation of imperiled species to new locations. We review the literature in three areas--translocation, managed relocation, and conservation decision making--to inform conservation translocation under changing climates. ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/nyas.12050
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::GABA and glutamate play a major role in central integration of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) stress responses. Recent work in our group has focused on mechanisms whereby GABAergic and glutamatergic circuits interact with parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons controlling the HPA axis. GABAerg...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1196/annals.1296.004
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Birds, the most species-rich monophyletic group of land vertebrates, have been subject to some of the most intense sequencing efforts to date, making them an ideal case study for recent developments in genomics research. Here, we review how our understanding of bird genomes has changed with the recent sequencing of mo...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/nyas.13295
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The discovery of AQP4-IgG (a pathogenic antibody that targets the astrocytic water channel aquaporin-4), as the first sensitive and specific biomarker for any inflammatory central nervous system demyelinating disease (IDD), has shifted emphasis from the oligodendrocyte and myelin to the astrocyte as a central immunopa...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/nyas.12794
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Evidence has been presented that lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism released during the early stages of allergic reactions play an important role in the subsequent development of late bronchial responses. Moreover, because of this, the activity of the lipoxygenase pathway and sensitivity to the produ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb38549.x
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disorder characterized by neurobiological changes that lead to a compulsion to take a drug with loss of control over drug intake. The hypothesis outlined here is that knowledge of the neurochemical systems involved in the transition from drug use to the compulsive use of add...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06682.x
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Persorption of large, hard, insoluble, solid particles in micrometer size range is observed with regularity. It is a normal biological effect on the food passage through the intestine. Persorbability of particles is determined by the size of the particles and by their consistency and hardness. PVC particles in microme...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb51092.x
更新日期:1975-01-31 00:00:00
abstract::The recent identification of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) and TAA-derived peptides presented by MHC molecules to T cells has provided the tools to design and test clinical vaccines for treating human malignancies, such as melanoma. While the most effective adjuvant for use in vaccine formulation remains unclear, au...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb52678.x
更新日期:1996-10-31 00:00:00
abstract::Two major methodological problems that impact clinical research in endometriosis are the absence of a low-cost, highly reliable method for diagnosing endometriosis and the possibility that endometriosis is actually multiple different diseases that we have not yet been able to differentiate. Animal models of endometrio...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02762.x
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Uteroglobin, a steroid-inducible, cytokine-like, secreted protein with immunomodulatory properties, has been reported to bind progesterone, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and retinol. Structural studies may delineate whether binding of ligands is a likely physiological function of human uteroglobin (hUG). We report ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05523.x
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The first step in cancer initiation is the reaction of chemical carcinogens with DNA to form stable adducts, which remain in DNA unless removed by repair, and depurinating adducts, which detach from DNA following destabilization of the glycosyl bond. Depurinating DNA adducts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons play a ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1196/annals.1322.029
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article reviews some of the early work that has been performed to investigate the potential roles of circulating nucleic acids as prediction markers in acute illness and injury. Circulating DNA and RNA concentrations are elevated early in patients with trauma, stroke and ACS, and are generally highest in patients...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1196/annals.1368.035
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Departing from the functional parallelism that undoubtedly exists between the nervous and immune system, we suggest that the latter also counts with means for information exchange that may result in a mutual influence of immune processes between nearby individuals. Our concept relies on a molecular interface that is c...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04920.x
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Age-associated alterations in the mitochondrial electron transport system (ETS) may lead to free radical generation and contribute to aging. The complexes of the ETS were screened spectrophotometrically in gastrocnemius of young (10 month) as well as older (20 and 26 month) B6C3F1 female mice fed an ad libitum (AL) di...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09902.x
更新日期:1998-11-20 00:00:00
abstract::Corticosteroids have potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects. Although corticosteroids are an important weapon in the clinical arsenal for treating inflammatory episodes, the mechanisms underlying the actions and regulation of endogenous corticosteroids remain obscure. In the late 1980s and early 1990s,...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03141.x
更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chemical hypoxia produces depletion of ATP, intracellular Ca2+ overload, and cell death. The role of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), the major plasma membrane Ca2+ extruding system, has been explored in chemical hypoxia using BHK cells stably transfected with the three mammalian NCX isoforms: NCX1, NCX2, and NCX3. Here we r...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1196/annals.1387.052
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent immunologic studies have provided important new information about the nature of AHF deficiency diseases and the structure and synthesis of this protein. They provide, moreover, a considerably improved ability to identify the carrier state in hemophilia A. Additional progress may be possible in the identificatio...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb53329.x
更新日期:1975-01-20 00:00:00
abstract::Glucose conversion by brain synaptosomes can be regarded as a special case of intrinsic kinetic properties of the enzyme substrate system. Temperature modulation of apparent K(m) for this process can be described with our kinetic model. Using experimental data and the kinetic model, the minimal K(m) value for glucose ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1196/annals.1342.005
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite new technological advances in the rehabilitation of audition in profoundly deaf children, auditory training remains a fundamental part of their education. Consequently, it is necessary to learn what kind of stimuli, what kind of auditory tasks, and what kind of learning procedures generate faster and more long...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04793.x
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the present study we analyzed the morphology of testes and efferent ducts as well as the localization of androgen receptors (AR) in the tissues of XY, YY, and XX male rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum. Testes of the XX trout differed distinctly from those of XY and YY males; the interstitial space was very ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03663.x
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Smooth septate junctions (sSJs) are cell-cell junctions that are thought to regulate the paracellular pathway of the intestine and renal system in arthropods. The detailed mechanism of action of sSJs is not well understood, because their molecular organization has remained elusive for a long time. Recently, two sSJ-sp...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/nyas.13366
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Because of the relatively high prevalence of both hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and autoimmune disorders (ADs), it is not rare to encounter in daily clinical practice patients with ADs also carrying HCV. Corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressant drugs are needed to treat ADs, but they place HCV-infected patients at...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1196/annals.1423.058
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Our previous studies have demonstrated that the methanol extract of heat-processed Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer exerts antioxidative, antiinflammatory, and anti-tumor-promoting effects. In the present study, we examined the antiinflammatory effects of several ginsenosides (Rb(1), Rc, Re, Rg(1), Rg(3)) derived from P. gins...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04672.x
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for protein processing. In rapidly proliferating tumor cells, the ER tends to be overloaded with unfolded and misfolded proteins due to high metabolic demand. With the limited protein-folding capacity of the ER, tumor cells often suffer from more ER stress than do normal c...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06739.x
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::NAFTA and GATT have specified that we must base import decisions on sound scientific information. This includes the use of risk assessment procedures to justify excluding or restricting the international movement of either live animals or products from animals. Procedures and techniques have been described for calcula...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb53535.x
更新日期:1996-07-23 00:00:00
abstract::Allergic contact dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disease caused by T cells that recognize environmental and industrial allergens (i.e., haptens). Langerhans' cells (LC), which are skin-specific and "immature" members of the dendritic cell (DC) family of antigen-presenting cells, play crucial roles in the indu...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06880.x
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatitis B virus (HBV) of man has several characteristics that distinguish it from viruses of other groups. These include its ultrastructure, viral DNA size and structure, a virion DNA polymerase which repairs a single-stranded region in the viral DNA, liver tropism, character of persistent infection, and association...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb27978.x
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of the present article was to investigate the occurrence and temporary changes of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-38 and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in various brain areas of chicken embryos by means of radioimmunoassay. The highest concentrations of PACAP-38 were measured in...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1196/annals.1317.039
更新日期:2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The principal modulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP). Corticotropin-releasing hormone is not exclusively produced in the hypothalamus. Its presence has been demonstrated at peripheral inflammatory sites. Ovulation and luteoly...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1196/annals.1290.016
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00