Abstract:
:Hepatitis B virus (HBV) of man has several characteristics that distinguish it from viruses of other groups. These include its ultrastructure, viral DNA size and structure, a virion DNA polymerase which repairs a single-stranded region in the viral DNA, liver tropism, character of persistent infection, and association with hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently three other viruses have been found in other animal species that appear to share these characteristics although the viruses are not identical. HBV, Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV), and duck hepatitis virus (DHV) appear to be members of a new virus group that might be designated the Hepadna virus group. Genetic variation among hepatitis B viruses includes the antigenic variation in the surface antigen (HBsAg) which constitutes the known HBsAg subtypes. There is also frequent variation in DNA base sequence among HBVs isolated from different patients.
journal_name
Ann N Y Acad Scijournal_title
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciencesauthors
Robinson WSdoi
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb27978.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1980-01-01 00:00:00pages
371-8eissn
0077-8923issn
1749-6632journal_volume
354pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::In this paper, we consider minimizing the action functional as a method for numerically discovering periodic solutions to the n-body problem. With this method, we can find a large number of choreographies and other more general solutions. We show that most of the solutions found, including all but one of the choreogra...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1196/annals.1311.024
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The possible role of the cerebellum for the control of saccades and gaze holding is reconsidered using a computational modeling approach. As suggested by previous research, control of gaze holding is assumed to be enhanced by the floccular lobe, whereas control of the saccadic pulse is governed by the oculomotor vermi...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1196/annals.1303.018
更新日期:2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::According to the redusome hypothesis, the aging of an organism is determined by the shortening of chronomeres (small perichromosomal linear DNA molecules). In this paper, a presumptive role for infradian hormonal rhythms is considered. Endogenous infradian rhythms are supposed to actively interact with those hormonal ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1196/annals.1356.006
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The conspicuous similarities between Cushing's syndrome and the Metabolic Syndrome X open up the possibility that hypercortisolemia is involved also in the latter. Salivary cortisol is possible to measure during undisturbed conditions including perceived stressful events during everyday life. Such measurements clearly...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07803.x
更新日期:1999-11-18 00:00:00
abstract::Twenty-month-old Swiss mice were allocated into three groups: (A) control; (B) infected group; and (C) infected but treated with 5 mg of the phytocompound MMT. Mice were infected intranasally with 30 microL of 75 HA viral units. MMT markedly blunted the nasal signs of virus infection and the febrile response. Formazan...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1196/annals.1354.059
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Science is concerned not just with objects but also with their various aspects, such as their colors, temperatures, sizes, and shapes. These aspects, or properties, are generally thought to be of at least two kinds: primary properties, such as shape, size, and motion and secondary ones, such as temperature and color. ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb06086.x
更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies of the ability of the EPR spin trap DEPMPO to detect both superoxide and hydroxyl radicals produced by systems in vitro and in vivo are presented. Experiments using free radical-generating systems confirmed the suitability of the EPR spin trapping technique but also revealed the existence of an undesirable con...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1196/annals.1342.069
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously described proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene-expression in human normal cultured dermal fibroblasts, and its dose- and time-dependent modulation by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The aim of the work described here was to investigate POMC-derived ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08684.x
更新日期:1999-10-20 00:00:00
abstract::The signal peptidases from both chicken oviduct and dog pancreas microsomes have been detected by a post-translational assay and, in the case of dog microsomes, by a cotranslational assay. This proteolytic activity is not sensitive to a variety of conventional protease inhibitors under the conditions used in these ass...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb47251.x
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fertility drugs (FD) are spreading worldwide fast and therefore many studies have reviewed the possible association between the use of these drugs and cancer. Since the drugs used for ovulation induction during in vitro fertilization (IVF) like hCG, hMG, rFSH increase the levels of gonadal hormones, concerns have grow...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1196/annals.1365.022
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::New data on the organization of the intra-amygdaloid circuit is reviewed, beginning with the basolateral (BL) complex, the main input station of the amygdala for sensory afferents, and concluding with the central (CE) nucleus, an important source of projections to brain-stem structures mediating fear responses. The BL...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07073.x
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Apoptosis protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1), which plays a central role in the formation of the apoptosome, is absent or poorly expressed (because of a transcriptional silencing by methylation) in a substantial percentage of metastatic melanomas and melanoma cell lines, which are unable to activate caspase-9 and e...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1196/annals.1299.034
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The monoaminergic and cholinergic systems are implicated in different forms of behavioral arousal that can be dissected in terms of their forebrain targets and the nature of the behavioral processes they modulate in distinct regions. Thus, evidence in rats with selective neurochemical manipulations tested behaviorally...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1998-06-21 00:00:00
abstract::Several years of survey data indicate that illicit drug use among U.S. youth was at its highest level in 1979. Generally, the use of some illicit drugs declined progressively throughout the 1980s, stabilized, and then decreased slightly. Reducing illicit drug use among U.S. youth continues to be a priority of federal,...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1196/annals.1316.057
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Leukoplakia in the oral cavity has been used as a putative surrogate marker of head and neck cancer development. A class of chemoprevention compounds, called protease inhibitors, has been shown in vitro and in animal models to effectively suppress premalignant lesions. Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) is a protease inhibit...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02732.x
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Whole and nonadherent Peyer's patch cells were shown to present antigen to cloned antigen specific T-cells, albeit less efficiently than spleen cells. Unlike spleen cells, adherent PP cells did not present antigen, and PP lacked cells with classical dendritic morphology. The antigen presenting and MLR-stimulating cell...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1983.tb26865.x
更新日期:1983-06-30 00:00:00
abstract::Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and oxidative stress (OS) contribute to the development and progression of diabetic complications. We have reported that dietary AGEs and OS induce acute endothelial dysfunction in vivo, but little is known about their effects on adipokines. Twenty inpatients with type 2 diabetes ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1196/annals.1433.042
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Here we briefly review our studies that have unraveled an important role for the calcium- and calmodulin-sensitive enzyme calcineurin (CN) in bone remodeling. We find that the genetic deletion of the calcineurin Aalpha isoform results in osteoporosis, which is recapitulated in humans following calcineurin inhibitor th...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1196/annals.1402.050
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Estrogen has clearly been shown to decrease bone loss and frequency of osteoporotic fractures. Calcitonin has been shown in several studies to reduce the rate of bone loss, although no data are yet available demonstrating a reduction in fracture frequency. Studies of osteoporosis intrinsically assume that prevention o...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb30343.x
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The quantitative analysis of nerve growth dynamics is critical to our understanding of nerve development and regeneration, but only recently has a quantitative framework begun to emerge to help define key objectives and to direct experimental measurements towards achieving this goal. Conceptually, the framework center...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1994-11-30 00:00:00
abstract::Vitamin E and essential fatty acid status were examined in two groups of patients, one receiving fat-free total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with intravenous all-rac-alpha-tocopherol for vitamin E deficiency and the other receiving routine intravenous fat (Intralipid, 10%) emulsions with TPN to supply both fatty acid an...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb31238.x
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In South America, human cases of infection by the genus Rickettsia have been described in several countries in the last twenty years. The role of international organizations, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, USA and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropi...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07337.x
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the intestine, a single layer of epithelial cells effectively separates potentially harmful luminal content from the underlying tissue. The importance of an intact mucosal layer is highlighted by pathological disorders of the gut such as inflammatory bowel disease, in which disruption of the epithelial barrier lead...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04025.x
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The principal modulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP). Corticotropin-releasing hormone is not exclusively produced in the hypothalamus. Its presence has been demonstrated at peripheral inflammatory sites. Ovulation and luteoly...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1196/annals.1290.016
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Experimental data together with clinical studies have generated information about the association between sympathetic nervous system activity and immunity as measured by in vitro correlates of cellular immune function. In addition, studies on the in vivo role of central CRF in coordinating sympathetic outflow and modu...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb49933.x
更新日期:1993-10-29 00:00:00
abstract::A brief description of the information content of the experimental methods that are becoming increasingly useful for probing intracellular processes, a framework for interpreting observations, and an example that combines framework results and 13C NMR observations have been presented. Results in terms of structural cr...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb23813.x
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Molecular dynamics (MD) are performed in all-atom simulations of two polymer species based on polythiophene. In one case the amphiphilic polymer forms a monolayer interface between a vacuum and an aqueous layer containing ions. The electroactive nature of the polymer is invoked by conferring a negative charge on it to...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04095.x
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::An increasing amount of evidences suggests that galanin plays an important role in the regulation of reproduction in the rat. Galanin is colocalized with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in a subset of LHRH neurons, and the pattern of coexpression is sexually dimorphic, with a higher incidence of colocaliz...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10694.x
更新日期:1998-12-21 00:00:00
abstract::We have been interested in the consequences of foreign DNA insertion into established mammalian genomes and have initially studied this problem in adenovirus type 12 (Ad12)-transformed cells or in Ad12-induced hamster tumors. Since integrates are frequently methylated de novo, it appears that they might be modified by...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03896.x
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this paper, I have introduced and solved a simple deterministic model of eye tracking that produces rich dynamical behavior. Some of its main features, notably the existence of a chaotic regime, are reminiscent of the anomalies reported in smooth pursuit eye tracking experiments with schizophrenia patients. By obta...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb48737.x
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00