Abstract：
:The degree to which organisms can exert control over events to which they are exposed has a strong impact on behavior and physiological functioning. Effects caused by the uncontrollability of events that are beyond the organism's control rather than by the events per se have been called learned helplessness effects. The present paper reviews such learned helplessness effects. At a behavioral level, uncontrollable aversive events result in associative, motivational, and emotional deficits. At a neurochemical level, uncontrollable but not controllable aversive events have been reported to lead to disturbances in cholinergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic systems. However, there are interpretive difficulties in this literature, and these are discussed. The controllability/uncontrollability of aversive events has a role in producing stress-induced analgesia and the activation of endogenous opiate systems. These relationships are reviewed. It is proposed that the learning that aversive events cannot be controlled activates an opiate system. The research reviewed is related to depression, and the general issue of animal models of depression is discussed. It is concluded that no experimental paradigm can be a model of depression in some general sense, but can only model a particular aspect. Learned helplessness may model "stress and coping".
journal_name
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatryauthors
Maier SFsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1984-01-01 00:00:00pages
435-46issue
3eissn
0278-5846issn
1878-4216journal_volume
8pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Enhancement of neurocognition is essential in the treatment of schizophrenia. In our previously reported six-week randomized controlled trial (RCT) mirtazapine added to conventional antipsychotics improved not only negative, but also positive symptoms and neurocognition in difficult-to-treat schizophrenia. The present...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.03.004
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dependence to benzodiazepines is difficult to induce in animals but has been induced by high doses in man. Case reports of benzodiazepine dependence are rare compared with the usage of these drugs, but provide no proper epidemiological framework for the estimation of risk. Patients taking these drugs for four months o...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0278-5846(84)90139-8
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lithium carbonate appears to inhibit the development of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization while it does not inhibit the development of amygdala kindling. Lithium chloride did not inhibit kindled seizures. Carbamazepine does not inhibit cocaine-induced motor activity or the development of behavioral sensitizatio...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that modulation of glutamatergic system via NMDA receptors and mGlu5 receptors might be an effective antidepressant therapy. However, clinical application of NMDA and mGlu5 antagonists in the therapy of depression is still an open question. In the present study we investig...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.05.015
更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Characteristics of primary cultures of neurons or of astrocytes are discussed which suggest that such cultures are appropriate models for their in vivo counterparts. Advantages or disadvantages of these cultures for studies of receptor binding are: Neuronal and astrocytic binding can be studied separately. Binding can...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0278-5846(83)90045-3
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of fluoxetine and sertraline in the treatment of undifferentiated somatoform disorder (USD), using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-15), which was specifically designed for assessing the severity of somatic symptoms. A randomized, 12-we...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.09.014
更新日期：2008-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Kety hypothesized that forebrain norepinephrine acted to selectively enhance cell firing in neurons receiving environmental inputs during affectively important events. He further suggested that norepinephrine could act to induce a 'persistent facilitation' of the inputs which accompany affectively important events ...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0278-5846(87)90015-7
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Depression is common among lung cancer patients. Increasing evidence has suggested that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and pro-inflammatory cytokines may play a key role in the pathophysiology of depression as well as cancer. This pilot study investigated the efficacy of sputum interleukin (IL)-6, tumor nec...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.08.004
更新日期：2013-12-02 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The majority of neurons in the striatum (caudate-putamen, dorsal striatum; nucleus accumbens, ventral striatum) and in striatal projection regions (the pallidum, the entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra reticulata) use gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as transmitter and express glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0278-5846(93)90018-n
更新日期：1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Only two-thirds of depressive patients respond to antidepressant treatment. Recently, addition of an atypical antipsychotic drug to ongoing treatment with an antidepressant has been considered effective and well-tolerated. In the present study, we examined the effects of various atypical antipsychotic drugs as adjuvan...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.12.003
更新日期：2010-03-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with enhanced anxiety and reduced reward processing leading to impaired cognitive flexibility. These pathological changes during depression are accompanied by dysfunctional hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its impaired regulation by the amygdala. Notably, the ...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110000
更新日期：2020-12-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Alterations of antioxidant enzyme activities have been described in a number of psychiatric disorders including major depression. Subsequently, the present study examined the effects of different types of antidepressants (desipramine, imipramine, maprotiline and mirtazapine) in different concentrations (10(-5), 10(-6)...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.05.024
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Recently, traditional herbal medicines have been reported to be effective for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). This study aims to examine the efficacy of Yi-Gan San (YGS) in the improvement of BPSD and sleep disorders in patients with dementia. METHODS:Five patients (1 male and 4 fem...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.12.027
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was performed to investigate the anxiolytic-like effects of red ginseng (RG, steamed raw ginseng at 98-100 degrees C) and sun ginseng (SG, heat-processed ginseng at higher temperature) in mice using the elevated plus-maze model. Furthermore, the anxiolytic-like effects of RG and SG were compared to a known ...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.04.016
更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) is the rate-limiting biosynthetic isoenzyme for serotonin that is preferentially expressed in the brain and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) and in the mechanism of antidepressant action. This study aimed to investigate whether common genetic va...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.02.020
更新日期：2009-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:A number of candidate gene studies focused on major depression (MD) and antidepressant (AD) efficacy have been carried out, but results mainly remain inconclusive. We performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of published candidate gene studies focused on AD efficacy in MD to evaluate the cumulative evidence. A random-e...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.05.011
更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sensitization of motor activity is a behavioural test to evaluate the effects of psychostimulants. Conditioned place preference (CPP) is an associative learning procedure to examine the rewarding properties of drugs. We aimed to assess whether motor sensitization to drugs of abuse can make zebrafish more vulnerable to...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.02.018
更新日期：2019-06-08 00:00:00
abstract：:1. After pretraining in an undrugged state, young (6 months) and aged (18-24 months) rats were trained on a spatial learning-set task after receiving one of four doses of diazepam (1, 2, 3 or 5 mg/kg) or the drug vehicle. The effects of 5 mg/kg of diazepam were also assessed on the spatial learning-set task one full h...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0278-5846(96)00065-6
更新日期：1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Human brain is a topologically complex network embedded in anatomical space, and anatomical distance may affect functional connectivity (FC) in schizophrenia. However, little is known if and how this effect occurs in adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS). METHODS:We explored long- and short-range FC through ...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.012
更新日期：2018-02-02 00:00:00
abstract：:It has been suggested that protein synthesis and immunological factors play a role in the development of tolerance and dependence to opiates. Interferon (IFN) is known to influence protein synthesis and the immune system. Our and other data suggest that IFN may be an agent that prevents the development of tolerance an...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. A double-blind study of the effect of CDP-choline on memory impairment following bilateral ECT was performed on 22 inpatients suffering from endogenous depression. 2. Memory scores were checked after 2 and 4 ECT sessions, and the length of the post-ECT confusional state was also measured. 3. The results show no sta...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0278-5846(82)80174-7
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. It has been postulated that the interrelated processes of neurodegeneration, neuroplasticity, and neuroimmunological abnormalities may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Since, interleukins are produced in the central nervous system and have cytokine and growth promoting properties, they are an ob...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0278-5846(93)90072-z
更新日期：1993-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In our studies of drug therapy in child psychiatry disorders, we have been using a battery of tests to monitor any effects of medication on the various components of cognitive processing. Our intention was to measure skills required by the children for successful classroom performance. We have used this test battery a...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0278-5846(84)90037-x
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with a cognitive task can enhance targeted aspects of cognitive functioning in clinical populations. The movement disorder Huntington's disease (HD) is associated with progressive cognitive impairment. Deficits in working memory (WM) can be apparent early in the ...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.002
更新日期：2017-07-03 00:00:00
abstract：:1. To investigate whether abnormalities in objective neurophysiologic measures are observable in patients with probable dissociative generalized amnesia, the P300 and N100 event-related potentials were evaluated in six such patients in both acute stage and after recovery from amnesia. Findings were compared with those...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0278-5846(99)00068-8
更新日期：1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A system is described for avoidance conditioning of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus), for sound patterns consisting of one or two sequential subunits and to discriminate between two closely resembling sounds. Electric shock was used as the unconditioned stimulus. Simple conditioning was accomplished in about 3...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0278-5846(86)90039-4
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Preliminary evidence revealed a decrease of regional cerebral blood flow in the thalamus and basal ganglia contralateral to the deficit and suggested that hysterical conversion deficits might entail a functional disorder in striatothalamocortical circuits. However, there is no systematic structural magnetic resonance ...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.011
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many studies have shown a close relationship between anxiety and beta-adrenergic receptor function in patients with anxiety disorders. This study examined the relationship between beta-adrenergic receptor function and anxiety levels in a normal population. Subjects for this study included 36 men and 44 women between t...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.04.027
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The plasma concentrations of unconjugated phenylacetic acid and m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid are lower in male than in female subjects. 2. The plasma concentrations of unconjugated phenylacetic acid and mandelic acid decrease with increasing weight and height for all subjects combined. The same relationships apply fo...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0278-5846(91)90025-v
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Bipolar disorder type I (BD-I) is characterized by a severe impairment in emotional processing during both acute and euthymic phases of the illness. The aim of the present study was to investigate negative emotion processing in both euthymic patients and non-affected first-degree relatives, looking for sta...
journal_title：Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.01.016
更新日期：2015-07-03 00:00:00
