Abstract：
:Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was the first pandemic transmissible disease of previously unknown aetiology in the twenty-first century. Early epidemiologic investigations suggested an animal origin for SARS-CoV. Virological and serological studies indicated that masked palm civets ( Paguma larvata), together with two other wildlife animals, sampled from a live animal market were infected with SARS-CoV or a closely related virus. Recently, horseshoe bats in the genus Rhinolophus have been identified as natural reservoir of SARS-like coronaviruses. Here, we review studies by different groups demonstrating that SARS-CoV succeeded in spillover from a wildlife reservoir (probably bats) to human population via an intermediate host(s) and that rapid virus evolution played a key role in the adaptation of SARS-CoVs in at least two nonreservoir species within a short period.
journal_name
Curr Top Microbiol Immunoljournal_title
Current topics in microbiology and immunologyauthors
Wang LF,Eaton BTdoi
10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_13subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-01-01 00:00:00pages
325-44eissn
0070-217Xissn
2196-9965journal_volume
315pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Hemopoietic cells express relatively high levels of the type I phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase isoforms, with p110δ and γ exhibiting specialized signaling functions in neutrophils, monocytes, mast cells, and lymphocytes. In platelets, p110β appears to be the dominant PI 3-kinase isoform regulating platelet activation, ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2010_61
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Commercial vaccines currently available against swine influenza virus (SIV) are inactivated, adjuvanted, whole virus vaccines, based on H1N1 and/or H3N2 and/or H1N2 SIVs. In keeping with the antigenic and genetic differences between SIVs circulating in Europe and the US, the vaccines for each region are produced local...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2012_266
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In normal cells, the proto-oncogene c-myc is regulated by promoter-proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II (pol II). In Burkitt lymphoma cells, c-myc is chromosomally translocated to one of the three immunoglobulin (Ig) gene loci and its transcription is driven constitutively by Ig enhancers. Promoter-proximal pausing o...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-60162-0_28
更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rho GTPases are molecular switches controlling a broad range of cellular processes including lymphocyte activation. Not surprisingly, Rho GTPases are now recognized as pivotal regulators of antigen-specific T cell activation by APCs and immunological synapse formation. This review summarizes recent advances in our und...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/3-540-27511-8_5
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Influenza vaccines are the mainstay of efforts to reduce the substantial health burden from seasonal influenza. Inactivated influenza vaccines have been available since the 1940s and are administered via intramuscular injection. Inactivated vaccines can be given to anyone six months of age or older. Live attenuated, c...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_3
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ubiquitous, opportunistic pathogen human cytomegalovirus (CMV) encodes several proteins homologous to those of the host organism. Four different CMV genes encode chemokine receptor-like peptides. These genes, UL33, UL78, US27, and US28, are expressed at various stages of infection in vitro. Their functions remain ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-59421-2_13
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Most eukaryotic messenger RNAs are transcribed as precursors that necessitate specific and exact processing of intron boundaries. Furthermore, the choice of these boundaries appears to be fluid and adaptive to the rate of transcription and the developmental and physiological state of the cell. A central regulator of s...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-76776-3_7
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Evolution of Ig V gene segments are generally characterized by (a) evolution by "the birth and death process" and (b) diversifying selection. However, the detailed evolutionary pattern of V gene segments varies among species due to the fact that the humoral immune system itself has changed during vertebrate evolution....
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-59674-2_10
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In view of the recent studies on the CDCs, a reasonable schematic of the stages leading to membrane insertion of the CDCs can be assembled. As shown in Fig. 3, we propose that the CDC first binds to the membrane as a monomer. These monomers then diffuse laterally on the membrane surface to encounter other monomers or ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-56508-3_2
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori is predominantly known for its tight association with peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer development. However, recent epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that chronic infection with H. pylori may at the same time be beneficial to the host by conferrin...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-50520-6_14
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Animal models of ricin toxicosis are necessary for testing the efficacy of therapeutic measures, as well studying the mechanisms by which ricin exerts its toxicity in intact animals. Because ricin can serve as a particularly well-characterized model of tissue damage, and the host response to that damage, studies of th...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/82_2011_173
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Poxviruses have been long regarded as potent inhibitors of apoptotic cell death. More recently, they have been shown to inhibit necroptotic cell death through two distinct strategies. These strategies involve either blocking virus sensing by the host pattern recognition receptor, ZBP1 (also called DAI) or by influenci...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/82_2020_229
更新日期：2021-01-29 00:00:00
abstract：:Picornavirus 5' NCRs contain IRES elements that have been divided into two groups, exemplified by PV (type 1) and EMCV (type 2). These elements are functionally related and have an intriguing level of structural and sequence similarity. Some conserved RNA sequences and/or structures may correspond to cis-acting elemen...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-79663-0_2
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Remarkable progress has been made in reducing measles incidence and mortality as a consequence of implementing the measles mortality reduction strategy of the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The revised global measles mortality reduction goal set forth in the WHO-UNICEF Glo...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_9
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a formidable foe equipped with an armamentarium of virulence factors to thwart host defenses and establish a successful infection. Among these virulence factors, S. aureus produces several potent secreted proteins that act as cytotoxins, predominant among them the beta-barrel pore-...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/82_2016_16
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The development of bacterial resistance against current antibiotic drugs necessitates a continuous renewal of the arsenal of efficacious drugs. This imperative has not been met by the output of antibiotic research and development of the past decades for various reasons, including the declining efforts of large pharma ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2016_501
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As the largest RNA virus, coronavirus replication employs complex mechanisms and involves various viral and cellular proteins. The first open reading frame of the coronavirus genome encodes a large polyprotein, which is processed into a number of viral proteins required for viral replication directly or indirectly. Th...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/3-540-26765-4_4
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:E2F is a heterodimer composed of two partners, such as E2F1 and DP1. Although E2F1 can bind DNA as a homodimer and increase promoter activity, optimal DNA-binding and transcriptional activity occurs in the heterodimeric form. A model (Fig. 3) for the involvement of E2F activity in cell growth control that incorporates...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-79910-5_1
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The global need for a pandemic influenza vaccine is large. High-income countries have stated their intent to provide universal access for pandemic influenza vaccine to their populations. Assuming that a two-dose schedule would be needed, providing universal coverage globally would represent approximately 6.5 billion t...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_23
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is a trend toward viral-based hybrid systems to furnish viral nanoparticles with enhanced features, for function beyond a delivery vehicle. Such hybrids have included Nanogold for microwave release, quantum dots and fluorescent moieties, to provide simultaneous imaging capabilities, and iron oxide particles for ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-69379-6_3
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Leptospires are spirochetes that may be free-living saprophytes found in freshwater or may cause acute or chronic infection of animals. The family Leptospiraceae comprises three genera: Leptospira Leptospira Leptonema Leptonema, and Turneriella Turneriella. Within the genus Leptospira, three clades can be distinguishe...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_2
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) plays multiple important roles in EBV latent infection and has also been shown to impact EBV lytic infection. EBNA1 is required for the stable persistence of the EBV genomes in latent infection and activates the expression of other EBV latency genes through interactions with spec...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-22834-1_1
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Naturally arising CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells, which express the transcription factor Foxp3, play key roles in the maintenance of immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of a variety of physiological and pathological immune responses. The majority of them are produced by the normal thymus as a functionally ma...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/3-540-29714-6_3
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The "humanized mouse" is a mouse harboring functioning human tissues used as in vivo human models for both physiological and pathological conditions. The NOD/Shi-scid IL2rgamma(null) (NOG) mouse, an excellent immunodeficient mouse used as the basis for the humanized mouse, requires strict genetic and environmental con...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-75647-7_1
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mammalian orthoreoviruses (reoviruses) are prototype members of the Reoviridae family of nonenveloped viruses. Reoviruses contain ten double-stranded RNA gene segments enclosed in two concentric protein shells, outer capsid and core. These viruses serve as a versatile experimental system for studies of virus cell entr...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2010_32
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Genetic variation of the host significantly contributes to dramatic differences in the outcomes of natural infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in humans, as well as in experimental animal models. Host resistance to tuberculosis is a complex multifactorial genetic trait in which many genetic polymo...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-75203-5_6
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family that consists of viruses with nonsegmented negative-strand RNA genome. Infection by these viruses triggers the innate antiviral response of the host, mainly type I interferon (IFN). Essentially all other viruses of this family produce IFN supp...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-38919-1_9
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Negative-strand RNA virus particles are formed by a process that includes the assembly of viral components at the plasma membranes of infected cells and the subsequent release of particles by budding. Here, we review recent progress that has been made in understanding the mechanisms of negative-strand RNA virus assemb...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-662-06099-5_5
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:NF-κB is a pivotal transcription factor that controls cell survival and proliferation in diverse physiological processes. The activity of NF-κB is tightly controlled through its cytoplasmic sequestration by specific inhibitors, IκBs. Various cellular stimuli induce the activation of an IκB kinase, which phosphorylates...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2010_108
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Wild aquatic bird populations have long been considered the natural reservoir for influenza A viruses with virus transmission from these birds seeding other avian and mammalian hosts. While most evidence still supports this dogma, recent studies in bats have suggested other reservoir species may also exist. Extensive ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2014_396
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
