Abstract：
OBJECTIVES:To describe a roadmap of the most representative milestones and considerations in the validation of surgical simulators, especially those of laparoscopic surgery. And additionally, help determine when in this process a simulator can be considered as validated. METHODS:A non-systematic review was carried out searching terms like simulation, validation, training, assessment, skills and learning curve, as well as providing the experience accumulated by our center. RESULTS:An ideal classical validation process should consist of the following steps: fidelity, verification/calibration/ reliability, subjective and objective strategies. Baseline tests of fidelity and verification/calibration/ technological reliability are not always detailed in the simulation literature. A simulator can be considered validated if, at least, satisfactorily completed any of the two main objective strategies, that is, constructive and/or criterion validity. CONCLUSIONS:The methodologies to validate simulators as useful and reliable for the improvement of psychomotor/ technical skills are widely analyzed, although there is a variety of approaches depending on the scientific reference consulted, not being implemented equally in all works. This apparent arbitrariness should be considered in advance because it can lead the researcher to misunderstandings, especially when the simulator will be regarded as valid. OBJETIVOS:Describir una hoja de ruta de los hitos y consideraciones más representativos en la validación de simuladores quirúrgicos, especialmente los de cirugía laparoscópica. Y adicionalmente contribuir a determinar en qué momento de este proceso puede considerarse un simulador como validado.MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión no sistemática con los términos simulación, validación, formación, entrenamiento, evaluación, habilidades y curva de aprendizaje, además de aportar la experiencia acumulada por nuestro centro. RESULTADOS:Un proceso ideal clásico de validación debería constar de los siguientes pasos: Fidelidad, Verificación/ Calibración/Fiabilidad, estrategias subjetivas y objetivas. Las pruebas de inicio tanto de Fidelidad como de Verificación/Calibración/Fiabilidad tecnológica no siempre están descritas de manera explícita en los trabajos de validación de simuladores. Un simulador puede considerarse validado si al menos ha completado satisfactoriamente una validación de cualquiera de los dos grandes bloques de tipo objetivo, es decir, constructiva y/o de criterio. CONCLUSIONES:Los métodos que permiten validar simuladores como útiles y fiables para la mejora de habilidades de tipo psicomotor/técnico están ampliamente documentados aunque existe cierta variedad de enfoques en función de la referencia científica que se consulte, no aplicándose por igual en todos los trabajos. Esta aparente arbitrariedad debería ser conocida de antemano porque puede llevar al investigador a ciertos equívocos, especialmente a la hora de afirmar cuándo el simulador se considera plenamente validado.
journal_name
Arch Esp Uroljournal_title
Archivos espanoles de urologiaauthors
Sánchez-Hurtado MÁ,Usón-Gargallo J,Díaz-Güemes Martín-Portugués I,Enciso S,Sánchez-Peralta LF,Sánchez-Fernández J,Sánchez-Margallo FMsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-11-01 00:00:00pages
904-914issue
9eissn
0004-0614issn
1576-8260pii
2019-72-9-2cfeb0558049584dec08934d2f24a82bc364077cjournal_volume
72pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：OBJECTIVE:Benign tumors account for less than 1% of testicular tumors and the incidence is even lower in children. A rare case of epidermoid cyst of the testis in a child is described. The differential diagnosis and treatment options are discussed. METHODS/RESULTS:A case of unilateral epidermoid cyst of the testis in ...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rectal involvement secondary to adenocarcinoma of the prostate is uncommon and carries a poor prognosis. Distinguishing secondary from primary rectal tumors is mandatory, since each condition warrants a completely different treatment. There are at least five forms of clinicopathological involvement, depending on the r...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:We present the case of a spontaneous subcapsular renal hematoma with increase of the levels of blood pressure in a patient previously normotensive. METHODS:Patient with abdominal pain, spontaneous without previous trauma. CT showed a right subcapsular kidney hematoma. High levels of blood pressure were notic...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors describe an experimental technique of endoscopic autotransplantation of the testis. Four trocars are utilized; one is placed at the level of the umbilicus, one in the right flank, another in the left flank, and one in the hypogastrium. Five or six cms of the epigastric vessels are dissected and sectioned. ...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The results of a prospective study undertaken in 29 patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are presented. Transrectal ultrasound, ultrasound-guided biopsy and prostate specific antigen (PSA) were utilized in the search for hidden cancer of the prostate. However, no cancer was detected in any pati...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Megacalycosis or Puigvert's disease is a clinical entity characterized by dilatation of all renal calyces without dilatation of the renal pelvis or ureter in the absence of any obstructive factor. To date, its pathogenesis remains unclear. The rarity of this disease and the importance of making a correct dif...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Laparoscopic colposacropexy has become a substitute for open surgery in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse. In the same way, robotic assisted surgery is a new step in the evolution of the procedure. In this paper we intend to show our surgical technique and preliminary results. From November 2006 to date, 10 patie...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.4321/s0004-06142007000400018
更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:An unusual case of malacoplakia is described and the literature reviewed. METHODS/RESULTS:We report on a patient on immunosuppression due to heart transplantation who developed malacoplakia of the epididymis. Patient history and treatment are discussed, with special reference to the differential diagnosis b...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To present a case of inflammatory pseudotumor of the urinary bladder, with special reference to the differential diagnosis. METHODS/RESULTS:A 26-year-old patient with a history of gross hematuria and voiding syndrome underwent partial cystectomy for a bladder tumor. Pathological analysis disclosed an inflamm...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We report a case of retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma that had been incidentally discovered during ultrasound evaluation in a young female patient. The plain X-ray, IVP and ultrasonography only revealed the presence of a retroperitoneal mass and its approximate size. CT and arteriography provided further information rela...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A case of non-secreting bladder paraganglioma whose clinical manifestation was that of painless hematuria is described herein. Treatment was by partial cystectomy. ...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To assess the usefulness of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the staging of patients with localized prostate cancer (PC) and high risk of extracapsular disease (ECD). METHODS:Retrospective study including 30 patients with localized PC and high risk of ECD. Pathologist and radiologist esta...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:We report the case of a 61-year-old male with the incidental diagnosis of intrathoracic renal ectopia during the workup study for a possible lung mass. METHODS:We performed a bibliographic review on the incidence, origin, clinical presentation and diagnosis of this type of renal ectopia. RESULTS:Chest x-ray...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.4321/s0004-06142008000500011
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two Phase II studies, three Phase III and one observational study seem to justify that EMDA-MMC is a real alternative in the treatment of patients with NMIBC, especially the high risk group. The phase III studies compare EMDA-MMC with passive diffusion MMC and BCG in patients with bladder TIS. They showed EMDA MMC sup...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Analysis of urinary stones is an essential step in establishing the diagnosis and treatment of the stone patient. In fact, the need for an exhaustive study of the stones increases as the relationships between the type of stone and the etiological factors that predispose to this disease become evident. The enumeration ...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We describe a case of recurrent urinary tract infection in a male patient that had been repeatedly associated with sporadic sexual intercourse with his partner. The timing of the episodes and the bacteriological findings indicate this to be another uncommon case of urinary tract infection sexually transmitted by the f...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In recent years, there has been a complete change in the treatment of reno-ureteral lithiasis due to the availability of new endourological techniques (percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureteroscopy) and particularly due to the development of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). The present study assessed the com...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To determine the age of onset of urolithiasis in patients with urinary calcium stones and to establish the relationship between age of onset and clinical profile and metabolic risk factors. METHODS:A total of 500 patients with the diagnosis of calcium urinary lithiasis (average age 47.4 years, range 20-75) ...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We reviewed 19 patients presenting erectile deformities of the penis. Sixteen patients with congenital penile deviation were treated with the Nesbit procedure. All patients presented pronounced curvature of the penis and most of them were unable to achieve vaginal penetration. Five patients were submitted to original ...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:During a 36-month period, 63 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) who presented urinary retention, were treated on an outpatient basis by transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) with the Prostatron device using analgosedation. METHODS:Treatment consisted of a single one hour session with Pr...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Holmium laser enucleation of the prostatic adenoma (HoLEP) represents an innovative surgical option for the treatment of bladder outlet obstruction caused by benign prostatic hypertrophy. The results of numerous randomized prospective studies and clinical case series have confirmed that HoLEP is a procedure that attai...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A patient with a tumor in the right pelvic ureter is described herein. Following diagnosis by ureteroscopy, the patient underwent TUR utilizing a ureteroresectoscope. No short- or long-term complications were observed. The scant number of cases in the literature and the advantages afforded by this technique (noninvasi...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Urinary incontinence (UI) is a significant complication after radical prostatectomy (RP). Although sphincter incompetence is considered the main cause; bladder dysfunction can contribute substantially. Our objective was to evaluate the results of the urodynamic study (UDS) in men with UI after radical prosta...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A rare case of testicular malacoplakia is described herein. To our knowledge only 32 cases have been reported up to 1989. The microscopic features are described and the literature is briefly reviewed. ...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Studying the psychosocial sphere of patients who undergo any treatment allows to have more information about its repercussion and can help the choice of an appropriate and personalized treatment. Due to the absence of specific instruments at present, the objective is to design and validate a health questionn...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To present the results of a retrospective study on laparoscopic varicocelectomy, with special reference to the changes in the operating time observed throughout the training period. METHODS:We have reviewed the laparoscopic varicocelectomy procedures performed from 1987 to 1997. The operating times were grap...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:We report a rare case of horses-hoe kidney trauma. METHODS:67 years old man with a horseshoe kidney, which presented a fracture of the isthmus after falling. RESULTS:The diagnosis was made by IV contrast CT scan. He underwent exploratory laparotomy due to hemodynamic instability and radiologic findings on ...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To analyze the long-term results of treatment of urethral strictures by internal endoscopic urethrotomy, a simple, easily reproducible procedure that carries a low morbidity and requires a short period of convalescence. MATERIAL AND METHODS:We report our experience of 78 cases submitted to urethrotomy as pr...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We present our experience with bladder substitution in radical surgery for bladder cancer. Ileocapsuloplasty was performed in 40 patients. There were 2 postoperative deaths and 11 patients died from tumor recurrence or progression 2 to 10 years later. Two patients had urothelial tumor recurrence in the capsuloplasty. ...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Indinavir is a protease inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV with a lithogenic capacity as a urological side effect. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of indinavir urolithiasis are briefly reviewed. METHODS:A 37-year-old male, seropositive for HIV on treatment with indinavir, lamiduvine and zidovud...
journal_title：Archivos espanoles de urologia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00
