Abstract:
:Three cosmetically important skin lightening agents, hydroquinone (HQ), kojic acid (KA), and niacinamide (NA), consume the bulk of successful skin lightening ingredients in cosmetic applications. However, the mechanisms by which these ingredients work are still unclear. In this study, melanocytes and keratinocytes were treated with high, nontoxic doses of HQ, KA, and NA and the cells were examined by human microarrays and protein assays for several important targets including cytotoxicity, melanin expression, tyrosinase gene (TYR) and protein expression, melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene and protein expression, cytochrome c oxidase-1 (COX1) gene and protein expression, and ferritin (FTH1) gene and protein expression. It was found that all the skin lighteners examined showed marked increases in TYR, COX1, and FTH1 gene and protein expression, but not in MC1R expression in melanocytes. Upregulation of COX1 and FTH1 genes and proteins was common across both cell lines, melanocytes and keratinocytes. The results of the tyrosinase expression were somewhat unexpected. The role of iron in the expression of melanin is somewhat unexplored, but common and strong upregulation of ferritin protein in both types of cells due to the treatments suggests that iron plays a more pivotal role in melanin synthesis than previously anticipated.
journal_name
Oxid Med Cell Longevjournal_title
Oxidative medicine and cellular longevityauthors
Gruber JV,Holtz Rdoi
10.1155/2013/702120subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-01-01 00:00:00pages
702120eissn
1942-0900issn
1942-0994journal_volume
2013pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) has been found to occur during inflammatory procedures, during cell ischemia, and in various crucial developmental processes such as cell differentiation and along cell signaling pathways. The most common sources of intracellular RONS are the mitochondrial ...
journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2019-06-16 00:00:00
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2020/6961348
更新日期:2020-05-14 00:00:00
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2019/2492368
更新日期:2019-12-07 00:00:00
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2013/741817
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1155/2018/5123147
更新日期:2018-12-10 00:00:00
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2020/4751803
更新日期:2020-06-08 00:00:00
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2017/8073798
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1155/2015/370312
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4161/oxim.2.4.9745
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2019/8407206
更新日期:2019-07-09 00:00:00
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2018/8561892
更新日期:2018-03-12 00:00:00
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2019/9561281
更新日期:2019-09-17 00:00:00
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2016/1578235
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been shown to attenuate ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in multiple organs. The present study aimed at investigating whether VNS could exert protective effects against I/R injury in the skeletal muscle. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control, I/R, ...
journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2019/9208949
更新日期:2019-02-28 00:00:00
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2013/743938
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study aimed to elucidate the determinants of higher plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) in free-living adults. In a cross-sectional study we evaluated 148 free-living subjects (54 ± 11 years, 78% women) at high risk for or with metabolic syndrome (MetS). They were assessed by anthropometry and body composition, dietary ...
journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2014/505368
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2016/9409363
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00