Abstract：
:This is a survey of the results of recent investigations on gastrointestinal (GI) peptide hormones. In addition to the classical GI hormones (secretin, gastrin, and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ], there are at least nine other peptides whose structures and GI effects are known. These include vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), motilin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), substance P, neurotensin, somatostatin, enkephalins, and a bombesin-like gastrin-releasing peptide. It is now obvious that the traditional distinctions between hormones, neurotransmitters, and paracrines are rapidly becoming obsolete, as the actions and interactions of these substances within the complex motor system of the GI tract are gradually revealed. The study of perturbed states and toxic effects on the motor function of the small intestine is complicated by the integration of the activity of the small intestine with the activities of the body as a whole. A contemporary approach for evaluating intestinal contractile activity is described that uses computer assistance to measure the intercontractile interval (ICI). This technique may prove useful in assessing the effects of toxicological agents on spontaneous intestinal motor activity in vitro when the agents are delivered to the target sites by physiological mechanisms, in contrast to adding them to the tissue bath.
journal_name
Toxicol Patholjournal_title
Toxicologic pathologyauthors
Tansy MF,Kendall FMdoi
10.1177/019262338801600203subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1988-01-01 00:00:00pages
118-22issue
2eissn
0192-6233issn
1533-1601journal_volume
16pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:GJA1 gene (Connexin43, also known as Cx43) is the most abundant gap junction protein isoform in animal cells and is associated with bone development in embryos. The objective of the present work was to evaluate in vivo osteal development in GJA1-deficient fetal mice through determination of the histological and molecu...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0192623311422075
更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP) is a highly reactive pneumotoxic metabolite of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid plant toxin monocrotaline. When administered to rats, it causes a delayed and progressive lung injury, vascular remodeling, and pulmonary hypertension. Structural remodeling consists of endothelial cell swelling foll...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/019262339702500405
更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Results of early nonclinical "General Toxicology" studies are used to set a safe starting dose for first-in-human (FIH) clinical trials. In FIH trials, the research subjects are typically healthy volunteers who have little to gain but much to lose if a trial goes wrong. With that in mind, good laboratory practice regu...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0192623313506878
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, is the smallest nonhuman primate commonly used in biomedical research. Marmoset characteristics and propensities have enabled them to be used in a wide range of research as a model of human disease, physiology, drug metabolism, general toxicology, and reproductive biology. This...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/01926230390175002
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths in humans worldwide. There is strong evidence that the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and its metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) play an important role in carcinogenesis caused ...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0192623317751573
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tubular injury sensitizes glomeruli to injury. We review potential mechanisms of this tubuloglomerular cross talk. In the same nephron, tubular injury can cause stenosis of the glomerulotubular junction and finally result in atubular glomeruli. Tubular injury also affects glomerular filtration function through tubulog...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1177/0192623318796784
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic ingestion of arsenic is associated with increased incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. To investigate the role of arsenic in early events in vascular pathology, C57BL/6 mice ingested drinking water with or without 50 ppb sodium arsenite (AsIII) for four, five, or eight weeks. At five and eight...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0192623308323919
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Phentolamine is a reversible competitive alpha-adrenergic antagonist with similar affinities for alphal and alpha2 receptors. It has a long history of safe clinical use, and was developed as a potential therapy for male erectile dysfunction because of its capacity to increase the arteriolar blood flow to the corpora c...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/01926230490505086
更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The literature evidencing the role of iron in promoting a range of neoplasms in humans and animals prompted us to search for a possible association between chemically induced hemosiderosis and hemangiosarcomas in the liver of mice in selected studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP). Its historical c...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/019262330403200201
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:(+/-)-trans-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene (BP-7,8-diol) and 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (9-OH-BP) were metabolized by rat liver microsomes in the presence of calf thymus DNA, resulting in preferential DNA binding of fluorescent (+)-anti-BP-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE) and 9-OH-BP-4,5-epoxide, respectively. When the ...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/019262338401200211
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Minipigs are now used in greater numbers in contract research organizations (CROs) as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. Most CROs or pharmaceutical companies use the Göttingen minipig, which displays a number of important background lesions. This review will discuss some of the more infrequent minipig background...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1177/0192623315622423
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Overexpression of c-myc and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) has been frequently observed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),suggesting a pivotal role played by these protooncogenes in liver oncogenesis. In order to investigate the molecular events underlying human hepatic malignant transformation, we...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/01926230590522095
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An eosinophilic substance (ES) is usually observed in the mouse nasal septum. In contrast to textbooks and one report describing ES as amyloid, a previous study by the authors revealed that ES is not amyloid but consists of collagen and an amorphous material. Furthermore, it was suggested that the amorphous material w...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0192623310367805
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Changes in p53 expression, apoptosis and cell proliferation after treatment with 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4HAQO) were investigated in the rat pancreas and liver, target and nontarget organs for tumorigenesis, respectively. Male rats were given a single intravenous injection of 4HAQO at a dose of 20 mg/kg body ...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/01926230390241855
更新日期：2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:At present (putative) human carcinogens are identified via epidemiological studies and testing using the chronic 2-yr rodent bioassay. Both methods have severe limitations in that they are slow, insensitive, expensive, and are also hampered by many uncertainties. The development of methods to modify specific genes in ...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1177/019262339802600605
更新日期：1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many new observations have been made correlating changes in renal morphology with changes in renal function. These changes have led to a better definition of the various segments which make up the renal tubule. These morphological patterns vary in different species as is documented by morphologic studies and by differ...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1177/019262338601400103
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A significant correlation exists between average daily food consumption and 2-yr survival in control ad libitum (AL)-fed Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. SD rats were fed Purina Rodent Chow 5002 or a modified chow, 5002-9, with lower protein, fat, metabolizable energy and increased fiber AL or by dietary restriction (DR) to ...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/019262339402200308
更新日期：1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:ZD7114, [(S)-4-[2-(2-hydroxy-3 phenoxypropylamine)ethoxy]-N-(2-methoxyethyl) phenoxyacetamide], and ZD2079, [(R)-N-(2-[4- (carboxymethyl)phenoxy]ethyl)-N-(beta-hydroxyphenethyl)ammonium chloride], are beta 3-adrenoceptor stimulants with selectivity for brown adipose tissue. ZD7144 is the hydrochloride salt of the S-en...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/019262339902700203
更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) from several classes of molecules are currently in drug development. Despite over 20 years of pharmaceutical research, few ASOs have been marketed due to problems with clinical efficacy or preclinical toxicologic challenges. However, a number of recent developments have renewed i...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1177/0192623314551840
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sialodacryoadenitis (SDA) is a commonly-encountered coronaviral infection in laboratory rats that causes acute destruction of submandibular salivary glands. SDA results in depletion of salivary epidermal growth factor (EGF) and may thereby affect EGF-dependent cell growth processes. The purpose of this study was to de...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/019262339101900210
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cancer stem cell concept assumes that cancers are mainly sustained by a small pool of neoplastic cells, known as cancer stem cells or tumor initiating cells, which are able to reproduce themselves and produce phenotypically heterogeneous cells with lesser tumorigenic potential. Cancer stem cells represent an appea...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1177/0192623309354109
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Complete evaluation of the toxicity of a new chemical entity requires critical analysis of the pattern of positive and negative findings in all types of toxicity tests, pharmacokinetics and metabolism in the species examined, and correlation of the effects with information about its pharmacodynamic and pharmacological...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/019262339402200216
更新日期：1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hyaline droplet formation in the proximal tubular cells of the kidney commonly occurs under different pathological conditions in experimental animals. In rats, intracytoplasmic hyaline droplet formation is predominantly associated with accumulation of the male rat-specific alpha(2u)-globulin, whereas under other (path...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/01926230390213775
更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although the dog is a common choice among nonrodent species in evaluation of compound safety for regulatory submission, information regarding the incidence of spontaneous or incidental microscopic changes in canine peripheral nerve is limited. A retrospective examination was performed of routine histologic preparation...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0192623311413786
更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cardiovascular safety signals in nonclinical studies remain among the main reasons for drug attrition during pharmaceutical research and development. Drug-induced changes can be functional and/or associated with morphological alterations in the normal heart histology. It is therefore crucial to understand the normal v...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0192623313478692
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Toxicokinetic (TK) studies are the basis for demonstrating dose-related drug exposure in animals and for ensuring that drug exposure is substantially greater in animals than that expected in humans at therapeutic doses. The usefulness of TK studies can be further enhanced by correlating TK parameters with relevant tox...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1177/019262339502300209
更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The renal toxicity of harman and norharman, administered for 2 or 4 weeks at dietary levels of 1,000, 500, or 0 parts per million (ppm), was investigated in 6-week-old male F344/DuCrj rats. Although rats fed 1,000 ppm harman or norharman, but not the 500 ppm level, demonstrated marked body weight retardation from 1 we...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/019262339202000206
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To characterize the promoting activity of thiobenzamide (TB), a thiono-sulfur-containing xenobiotic, rats of both sexes were treated with the compound for 4 or 8 weeks after an initiating dose of diethyl-nitrosamine. The number, area (volume), and phenotypic complexity of the enzyme-altered hepatocyte foci were studie...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/019262338601400314
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated, morphologically and immunohistochemically, 74 medullary adrenal tumors, including 64 pheochromocytomas (14 malignant and 50 benign), 9 ganglioneuromas, and 1 malignant schwannoma. The tumors were detected in 2-year-old Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats from carcinogenicity studies. Morphologically, benig...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/01926230290105668
更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cyclodextrins are oligosaccharides which are used in the pharmaceutical industry and research as vehicles for application of apolar substances such as steroids. The aim of this study was to examine the long-term effects of parenteral administration of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) on bone. Sham-operated (SH...
journal_title：Toxicologic pathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0192623312441405
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
