Abstract：
:The timecourse and extent of changes in pupil area in response to light are reviewed in all classes of vertebrate and cephalopods. Although the speed and extent of these responses vary, most species, except the majority of teleost fish, show extensive changes in pupil area related to light exposure. The neuromuscular pathways underlying light-evoked pupil constriction are described and found to be relatively conserved, although the precise autonomic mechanisms differ somewhat between species. In mammals, illumination of only one eye is known to cause constriction in the unilluminated pupil. Such consensual responses occur widely in other animals too, and their function and relation to decussation of the visual pathway is considered. Intrinsic photosensitivity of the iris muscles has long been known in amphibia, but is in fact widespread in other animals. The functions of changes in pupil area are considered. In the majority of species, changes in pupil area serve to balance the conflicting demands of high spatial acuity and increased sensitivity in different light levels. In the few teleosts in which pupil movements occur they do not serve a visual function but play a role in camouflaging the eye of bottom-dwelling species. The occurrence and functions of the light-independent changes in pupil size displayed by many animals are also considered. Finally, the significance of the variations in pupil shape, ranging from circular to various orientations of slits, ovals, and other shapes, is discussed.
journal_name
Prog Retin Eye Resjournal_title
Progress in retinal and eye researchauthors
Douglas RHdoi
10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.04.005subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-09-01 00:00:00pages
17-48eissn
1350-9462issn
1873-1635pii
S1350-9462(17)30114-3journal_volume
66pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Cell replacement therapy is a promising treatment for irreversible retinal cell death in diverse diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Stargardt's disease, retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and glaucoma. These diseases are all characterized by the degeneration of one or two retinal cell types that cannot r...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.11.003
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Autoimmune diseases usually follow a relapsing-remitting or a chronic progressive course. To understand the underlying immunopathogenesis we investigated experimental Lewis rat models displaying both disease types, which were only dependent on the autoantigen peptide used for immunization. Retinal S-Antigen-peptide PD...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.02.003
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the cornea, the epithelium and the underlying stroma are separated by the basement membrane and Bowman's layer. The disruption of these anatomical barriers during wound healing represents a key step which initiates tissue remodeling through the modification of the epithelial-stromal interactions (ESI). Diffusible c...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.11.001
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) is the leading vector for gene therapy in the retina. As non-pathogenic, non-integrating, replication deficient vector, the recombinant virus efficiently transduces all key retinal cell populations. Successful testing of AAV vectors in clinical trials of inherited retinal disea...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100915
更新日期：2020-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Imaging techniques based on retinal autofluorescence have found broad applications in ophthalmology because they are extremely sensitive and noninvasive. Conventional fundus autofluorescence imaging measures fluorescence intensity of endogenous retinal fluorophores. It mainly derives its signal from lipofuscin at the ...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.005
更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Disturbances in the retinal vascular supply are involved in the pathophysiology of the most frequent diseases causing visual impairment and blindness in the Western World. These diseases are diagnosed by noting how morphological lesions in the retina vary in shape, size, location and dynamics, and subsequently conclud...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.07.002
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Regeneration of visual pigments is essential for sustained visual function. Although the requirement for non-photochemical regeneration of the visual chromophore, 11-cis-retinal, was recognized early on, it was only recently that the trans to cis retinoid isomerase activity required for this process was assigned to a ...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.03.002
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aquaporins (AQPs) are integral membrane proteins whose main function is to transport water across cell membranes in response to osmotic gradients. At the ocular surface, AQP1 is expressed in corneal endothelium, AQP3 and AQP5 in corneal epithelium, and AQP3 in conjunctival epithelium. AQPs are also expressed in le...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.04.001
更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) forms the outer blood-retinal barrier by regulating the movement of solutes between the fenestrated capillaries of the choroid and the photoreceptor layer of the retina. Blood-tissue barriers use various mechanisms to accomplish their tasks including membrane pumps, transporters, a...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.06.002
更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this review, we summarize the main stages of structural and functional development of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). We first consider the various mechanisms that are involved in restructuring of dendritic trees. To date, many mechanisms have been implicated including target-dependent factors, interactions from nei...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1350-9462(00)00024-0
更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Phototransduction in vertebrate photoreceptor cells mediated by rhodopsin is one of the most comprehensively examined G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways. The signal transduction pathway can be mapped from the initial absorption of light to conformational changes within rhodopsin, through activation o...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1350-9462(03)00017-x
更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transforming growth factor-β-induced protein (TGFBIp), an extracellular matrix protein, is the second most abundant protein in the corneal stroma. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning the expression, molecular structure, binding partners, and functions of human TGFBIp. To date, 74 mutations in...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100843
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Uveitis is a major cause of blindness, with the visual loss that occurs being due primarily to retinal tissue damage. The tissue damage is mediated mainly by phagocytic inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, by the release of various proteolytic enzymes, arachidonic acid metabolites, cytokines and free radicals. The...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1350-9462(99)00003-8
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This review considers the critical role of the conjunctiva in determining the success or failure of glaucoma filtration surgery. Glaucoma filtration surgery can be defined as an attempt to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) by the surgical formation of an artificial drainage pathway from the anterior chamber to the subc...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.06.004
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The macular pigments (MP) absorb light in the blue-green region of the visible spectrum and comprise two carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. In humans the concentration of MP varies widely across the normal population. There are two (not mutually exclusive) proposed roles for MP: to improve visual function and to act ...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.05.004
更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Understanding of corneal wound healing plays an important role, not only in management of corneal infections, but especially in refractive surgery. A better control of wound healing mechanisms might improve the results of such resculpturing techniques and help to avoid complications arising from these procedures. Whil...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1350-9462(02)00064-2
更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Optimal retinal neuronal cell function requires an appropriate, tightly regulated environment, provided by cellular barriers, which separate functional compartments, maintain their homeostasis, and control metabolic substrate transport. Correctly regulated hemodynamics and delivery of oxygen and metabolic substrates, ...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.02.002
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Uveitis is a group of diseases characterized by intraocular inflammation, of which some are driven by autoinflammatory or autoimmune responses, such as Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Behçet's disease, uveitis associated with spondyloarthritis, ocular sarcoidosis, sympathetic ophthalmia and birdshot chorioretinopathy. T...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100866
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are taking an increasing place in the market of domestic lighting because they produce light with low energy consumption. In the EU, by 2016, no traditional incandescent light sources will be available and LEDs may become the major domestic light sources. Due to specific spectral and energ...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.04.002
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Compression of the optic chiasm causes an optic neuropathy that may be associated with reversible visual loss often immediately following surgical decompression. While the precise pathogenesis of retinal ganglion cell impairment and eventual death remains poorly understood, a number of putative mechanisms may play a r...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.06.001
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The thickness of tear film has been investigated under both invasive and non-invasive methods. While invasive methods are largely historical, more recent noninvasive methods are generally based on optical approaches that provide accurate, precise, and rapid measures. Optical microscopy, interferometry, and optical coh...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.02.002
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Historically understudied, cholesterol in the retina is receiving more attention now because of genetic studies showing that several cholesterol-related genes are risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and because of eye pathology studies showing high cholesterol content of drusen, aging Bruch's membr...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.03.002
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The patterns of eye movement that accompany static activities such as reading have been studied since the early 1900s, but it is only since head-mounted eye trackers became available in the 1980s that it has been possible to study active tasks such as walking, driving, playing ball games and ordinary everyday activiti...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2006.01.002
更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In vertebrates, the innate and adaptive immune systems have evolved seamlessly to protect the host by rapidly responding to danger signals, eliminating pathogens and creating immunological memory as well as immunological tolerance to self. The innate immune system harnesses receptors that recognize conserved pathogen ...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.11.004
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glaucoma is a common neurodegenerative disease that affects retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Substantial effort is being expended to determine how RGCs die in glaucoma. As in other neurodegenerative diseases, the majority of effort focuses on characterising apoptotic self-destruct pathways. However, apoptosis is not the...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2005.04.004
更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The eye is an ideal target for exploiting the potential of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology in order to understand disease pathways and explore novel therapeutic strategies for inherited retinal disease. The aim of this article is to map the pathway from state-of-the art laboratory-based discover...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.09.002
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex multifactorial disease caused by the interplay of age and genetic and environmental risk factors. A common feature observed in early and both forms of late AMD is the breakdown of the physiologically immunosuppressive subretinal environment and the protracted accumul...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.002
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of irreversible visual loss and the disease burden is rising world-wide as the population ages. Both environmental and genetic factors contribute to the development of this disease. Among environmental factors, smoking, obesity and dietary factors including anti...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.12.004
更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cells of the human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have a regular epithelial cell shape within the tissue in situ, but for reasons that remain elusive the RPE shows an incomplete and variable ability to re-develop an epithelial phenotype after propagation in vitro. In other epithelial cell cultures, formation of an a...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.08.002
更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that promotes the degradation and recycling of cellular components. Proteins, lipids, and even whole organelles are engulfed in autophagosomes and delivered to the lysosome for elimination. In response to stress, autophagy mediates the degradation of cell components, which are recycled...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.08.001
更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00
