Abstract:
:Dermal white adipose tissue (DWAT) is a main component of human skin, composed of individual lipid-laden mesenchymal cells known as dermal adipocytes (DAs). Besides their well-known role in lipid storage and release, DAs also promote skin immunity, wound healing and hair follicle cycling and are important players in cutaneous neuroendocrinology. The ever-growing insights into DWAT functions, albeit mostly in mice, have invited speculation that it may be involved in multiple skin diseases ranging from fibrosis to alopecia and psoriasis, thus designating human DWAT a clinically relevant, but as yet insufficiently investigated skin compartment. Therefore, this practical, user-friendly guide aims to introduce the techniques available to study human DWAT in situ and ex vivo, including immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence microscopy and analysis via quantitative immunohistomorphometry. Here, we provide information on a collection of stains comprising pre-adipocyte (Pref1) and mature adipocyte markers (Perilipin1, Caveolin1), as well as various lipid (OilRedO, BODIPY) and histochemical stains (H&E, trichrome) available for use on human DWAT. We offer the reader guidelines on fixing, processing and staining human DAs and highlight caveats and solutions to common problems that one may encounter when studying this fascinating skin compartment. We also suggest standard methods for conducting quantitative immunohistomorphometry on human DWAT and its individual adipocytes to quantify cell size, number, lipid content and fluorescence intensity of adipose-specific markers. Finally, we briefly introduce in situ hybridization, transmission electron microscopy and essentials of magnetic resonance imaging imaging as additional tools for instructively interrogating this largest, but still least-known compartment of human skin.
journal_name
Exp Dermatoljournal_title
Experimental dermatologyauthors
Nicu C,Pople J,Bonsell L,Bhogal R,Ansell DM,Paus Rdoi
10.1111/exd.13549subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-06-01 00:00:00pages
589-602issue
6eissn
0906-6705issn
1600-0625journal_volume
27pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on skin triggers photoageing-related phenotypes such as formation of wrinkles. UV ray upregulates matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), which in turn degrades extracellular matrix proteins, mostly collagens. Serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) is an acute-phase protein of which plasma concentration incr...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/exd.12979
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene amplification and protein overexpression are common in several cancers. EGFR status has seldom been studied in cutaneous squamous carcinomas (SCCs), or their precursors, actinic keratoses (AKs). We evaluated the presence of EGFR genomic aberrations and EGFR protein overexpr...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 信件
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01028.x
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is increasing awareness that psoriasis is more than 'skin deep'. Several recent reviews focussed on biomarkers indicating the systemic dimension of psoriasis and the aspect of comorbidity psoriasis shares with other chronic inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Of emerging sign...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01261.x
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously demonstrated that serum of patients with pemphigus vulgaris induces reduction of desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) half-life in keratinocytes (FEBS Lett 2006: 580: 3276). This phenomenon seems to occur as a consequence of the progressive depletion of Dsg3 from desmosomes. Here we reported that reduction of full-l...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00719.x
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Type-1 cytokine-producing T cells are important in the pathogenesis of psoriasis vulgaris, for which efficient therapy is provided by means of narrow-band ultraviolet-B (NB-UVB). The expression of the type-1 cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is regulated by interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-15, IL-18 and IL-23; however, ...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00246.x
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Serum levels of B-cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF), a potent B-cell survival factor, are elevated in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis (SSc). The objective of this study was to d...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00485.x
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Proteases and their receptors have poorly understood roles in skin fibrosis and systemic scleroderma (SSc). We examined the role of protease-activated receptors (PAR(1) and PAR(2) ) in the pathophysiology of human SSc and skin fibrosis. Immunohistochemistry showed that PAR(1) immunoreactivity was positive in fibroblas...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 信件
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01184.x
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hair follicle heterogeneity may be regulated by distinct dermal papillae (DP) that represent mesenchymal lineages, which can be defined by Sox2 expression. However, it was recently shown that GFP expression in the Sox2: GFP+/- mouse model occurs in the DPs of all hair follicle types, challenging the idea that hair fol...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 信件
doi:10.1111/exd.13396
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::CD44 and l-selectin (CD62L) are major adhesion receptors that mediate leucocyte recruitment at inflammatory sites and lymph nodes, by supporting cell rolling under blood flow. Both CD44 and CD62L have been implicated in inflammatory skin disorders, but their specific involvement in an immediate-type allergic reaction ...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00348.x
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease caused by immune disorder. The chronic skin inflammation involves inflammatory molecules that are released from T lymphocytes and keratinocytes. Therefore, developing an anti-inflammatory therapy that is suitable for long-term treatment is needed. Electrical stimulation induces biol...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/exd.13720
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Psoriasis is a 'pacemaker' in dermatology. Substantial progress has been made regarding our understanding of its pathophysiology and genetic background, fuelling developments in cutaneous biology in general. Besides, the clinical perspective on psoriasis is currently changing, taking into consideration comorbidity and...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1111/exd.12494
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tissue-invasive T cells are observed in many inflammatory dermatological diseases, but in most cases, it is not known how they were attracted, what they might recognize, and to which extent they are activated. Answering these questions is surely essential for understanding pathogeneses of the diseases. In a recent iss...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1111/exd.12387
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Type VII collagen is the major component of anchoring fibrils in the epidermal basement membrane. Its expression has been analyzed by immunostaining or Northern blotting, but rarely at the protein level. In this study, we have quantitatively examined the effects of ascorbic acid and various cytokines/growth factors on...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00514.x
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have yet to create a human scar model that demonstrates the complex nature of hypertrophic scar and keloid formation as well as ways to prevent them despite emerging advances in our understanding of the immune system, the inflammatory response, and proteomic and genomic changes after injury. Despite more complex in...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1111/exd.12506
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Recently, germline variants of the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) have been shown to be associated with an increased risk for BRAF mutant but not BRAF wild-type cutaneous melanoma. Similar to melanoma, BRAF mutations are also commonly found in papillary thyroid carcinomas. Furthermore, patients with melanoma...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00827.x
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The process of skin wound healing involves the following three steps: inflammation, tissue formation and tissue remodelling. These optimal steps are required for the development of normal wound healing. Recent reports demonstrated that inflammasomes are involved in the innate immune response. In the present study, we ...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/exd.13441
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reactive skin is characterized by marked sensitivity to physical (heat, cold, wind) or chemical (topically applied products) stimuli and by the impairment of the skin barrier's ability to repair itself. Several lines of evidence suggest that beyond their capacity to positively influence the composition of intestinal m...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00932.x
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous reports have demonstrated that cell-derived nanoparticles (CDNPs) composed of bovine or porcine protein complexes exerted therapeutic effects against viral infections and cancer in mice and humans. Based on these observations, we asked whether CDNPs would improve inflammatory skin disorders. To address this, ...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/exd.13450
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Keloids are fibrous overgrowth induced by cutaneous injury. The pathogenesis of keloids is poorly understood, and no convincing animal model exists. Current hypotheses of the pathogenesis classify keloids as an entity of aberrant fibrosis. Hyperactivation of the MCP-1/CCR2 axis reportedly causes fibrosis in liver cirr...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01021.x
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The protease inhibitor cystatin M/E (CST6) regulates a biochemical pathway involved in stratum corneum homeostasis, and its deficiency in mice causes ichthyosis and neonatal lethality. Cystatin M/E deficiency has not been described in humans so far, and we did not detect disease-causing mutations in the CST6 gene in a...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 信件
doi:10.1111/exd.12022
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Seasonal variations can be found in almost any parameter of an organism's biochemistry, physiology, endocrinology, and behaviour. This phenomenon, generally called photoperiodism, results from one of the major functions of the circadian system, i.e. the translation of environmental information into rhythmic intraorgan...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1034/j.1600-0625.2003.00004.x
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The skin forms an effective barrier between the organism and the environment preventing invasion of pathogens and fending off chemical and physical assaults, as well as the unregulated loss of water and solutes. In this review we provide an overview of several components of the physical barrier, explaining how barrier...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00786.x
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pheomelanin is supposed to be the first type of melanin found in vertebrates, in contrast to the main type - eumelanin. Our study aimed at detecting pheomelanin in the skin of Hymenochirus boettgerii. We employed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), supplement...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 信件
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01511.x
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this study, we determined the adiponectin expression in the serum and lesional skin of patients with scleroderma (SSc). Serum adiponectin concentrations were measured in 32 patients with SSc, 10 patients with SLE, 12 patients with dermatomyositis patients and 13 healthy subjects with specific enzyme-linked immunoso...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 信件
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01310.x
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Malignant melanoma is a tumor characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of melanocytes, mainly in skin, but also in eyes. Its incidence is rising each year. To improve the diagnosis and treatment of the tumor, it is essential to develop new effective methods to early detect and characterize melanoma. Previously,...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01461.x
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is a severe autoimmune bullous disorder, characterized by autoantibodies (autoAb) against desmoglein 1 (Dsg1). As T cells may be critical in the pathology of PF, the aim of the present study was to identify and characterize autoaggressive T-helper cells reactive to Dsg1 in PF patients and heal...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00329.x
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel non-invasive imaging technique for in vivo histologic characterization of tissues. Besides pure morphology, additional functional parameters of the tissue investigated can be evaluated at the same time, such as the refractive index and the scattering coefficient. The purpo...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00229.x
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Infiltration of eosinophils in atopic dermatitis (AD), which contains inflammatory molecules and cytokines, recruits more inflammatory cells and causes further skin damage. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelial cytokine that induces the proinflammatory Th2 immune response and plays an important role in ...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/exd.13111
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite as yet limited clinical effectiveness, dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy remains a promising approach for the treatment of cancer, but requires further improvement in its immunostimulatory effectiveness. Potent anti-tumor immunity often depends on the induction of type 1 (T(H)1) immune responses. Therefo...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00800.x
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tetracyclines (TCN) have powerful anti-inflammatory properties in addition to their anti-microbial effects. These anti-inflammatory effects are thought to play a role in inhibiting cutaneous inflammation in patients with rosacea and acne; however, the mechanism(s) of this action remains poorly understood. We have prev...
journal_title:Experimental dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00716.x
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00