Abstract:
:Pharmacodynamic studies that use methacholine challenge to assess bioequivalence of generic and innovator albuterol formulations are generally designed per published Food and Drug Administration guidance, with 3 reference doses and 1 test dose (3-by-1 design). These studies are challenging and expensive to conduct, typically requiring large sample sizes. We proposed 14 modified study designs as alternatives to the Food and Drug Administration-recommended 3-by-1 design, hypothesizing that adding reference and/or test doses would reduce sample size and cost. We used Monte Carlo simulation to estimate sample size. Simulation inputs were selected based on published studies and our own experience with this type of trial. We also estimated effects of these modified study designs on study cost. Most of these altered designs reduced sample size and cost relative to the 3-by-1 design, some decreasing cost by more than 40%. The most effective single study dose to add was 180 μg of test formulation, which resulted in an estimated 30% relative cost reduction. Adding a single test dose of 90 μg was less effective, producing only a 13% cost reduction. Adding a lone reference dose of either 180, 270, or 360 μg yielded little benefit (less than 10% cost reduction), whereas adding 720 μg resulted in a 19% cost reduction. Of the 14 study design modifications we evaluated, the most effective was addition of both a 90-μg test dose and a 720-μg reference dose (42% cost reduction). Combining a 180-μg test dose and a 720-μg reference dose produced an estimated 36% cost reduction.
journal_name
J Clin Pharmacoljournal_title
Journal of clinical pharmacologyauthors
Zeng Y,Singh S,Wang K,Ahrens RCdoi
10.1002/jcph.1045subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-04-01 00:00:00pages
457-465issue
4eissn
0091-2700issn
1552-4604journal_volume
58pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The clinical effects of a cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking drug, acebutolol, were studied in 25 patients with chronic stable angina, using a seven-week single-blind placebo leads to acebutolol (mean dose 913 mg/day) phase followed by 12-week randomized double-blind placebo leads to acebutolol (mean dose 968 mg...
journal_title:Journal of clinical pharmacology
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abstract::To enhance protection of humans exposed to long-duration low-gravity environments such as the Space Shuttle and National Aerospace Plane during re-entry or in the short-duration high(-)+Gz environment of fighter aircraft, the effects of +Gz acceleration on cardiovascular hemodynamics must be understood. This study rep...
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