Abstract：
:Using participants (N = 1733) drawn from the nationally representative longitudinal Young Finns Study (YFS) we estimate the effect of education on depressive symptoms. In 2007, when the participants were between 30 and 45 years old, they reported their depressive symptoms using a revised version of Beck's Depression Inventory. Education was measured using register information on the highest completed level of education in 2007, which was converted to years of education. To identify a causal relationship between education and depressive symptoms we use an instrumental variables approach (Mendelian randomization, MR) with a genetic risk score as an instrument for years of education. The genetic risk score was based on 74 genetic variants, which were associated with years of education in a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Because the genetic variants are randomly assigned at conception, they induce exogenous variation in years of education and thus identify a causal effect if the assumptions of the MR approach are met. In Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation years of education in 2007 were negatively associated with depressive symptoms in 2007 (b = -0.027, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = -0.040, -0.015). However, the results based on Mendelian randomization suggested that the effect is not causal (b = 0.017; 95% CI = -0.144, 0.178). This indicates that omitted variables correlated with education and depression may bias the linear regression coefficients and exogenous variation in education caused by differences in genetic make-up does not seem to protect against depressive symptoms.
journal_name
Prev Medjournal_title
Preventive medicineauthors
Viinikainen J,Bryson A,Böckerman P,Elovainio M,Pitkänen N,Pulkki-Råback L,Lehtimäki T,Raitakari O,Pehkonen Jdoi
10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.026subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-10-01 00:00:00pages
134-139eissn
0091-7435issn
1096-0260pii
S0091-7435(18)30257-3journal_volume
115pub_type
杂志文章abstract：OBJECTIVE:To investigate the association between fast-food restaurant density and adult body mass index (BMI) in Canada. METHODS:Individual-level BMI and confounding variables were obtained from the 2007-2008 Canadian Community Health Survey master file. Locations of the fast-food and full-service chain restaurants an...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.07.002
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.020
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.11.015
更新日期：2007-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0091-7435(02)00019-1
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/pmed.1995.1063
更新日期：1995-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/pmed.1994.1094
更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.024
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/pmed.2000.0735
更新日期：2000-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.03.038
更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.11.005
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Utilization of mammography has increased steadily since the early 1990s. It is now important to expand the attention given to obtaining repeat examination. This study examines the prevalence and cross-sectional correlates of repeat mammography, among women aged 55-79, using a 12-month (N = 3,502) and a 24-mo...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.12.032
更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To assess whether prevalence of active commuting and regular car trips to school varies across communities and language regions in Switzerland and to determine personal and environmental correlates. METHODS:During the school year 2004/2005, 1345 parental questionnaires (response rate 65%) of children attendi...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.06.015
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1006/pmed.2002.1051
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0091-7435(83)90211-6
更新日期：1983-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.06.023
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.11.029
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.05.016
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.01.023
更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
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更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
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更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.02.005
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/pmed.1999.0524
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.12.005
更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Impact of physician diagnosis of overweight on successful weight loss in community-based patients is not known. We analyzed data from NHANES 1999-04 to assess if self-reported physician diagnosis of overweight was associated with attempted and successful weight loss in the preceding year. METHODS:We determi...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.04.013
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
