Integrating noncommunicable disease services into primary health care, Botswana.

Abstract:

:Despite the rising burden of noncommunicable diseases, access to quality decentralized noncommunicable disease services remain limited in many low- and middle-income countries. Here we describe the strategies we employed to drive the process from adaptation to national endorsement and implementation of the 2016 Botswana primary healthcare guidelines for adults. The strategies included detailed multilevel assessment with broad stakeholder inputs and in-depth analysis of local data; leveraging academic partnerships; facilitating development of supporting policy instruments; and embedding noncommunicable disease guidelines within broader primary health-care guidelines in keeping with the health ministry strategic direction. At facility level, strategies included developing a multimethod training programme for health-care providers, leveraging on the experience of provision of human immunodeficiency virus care and engaging health-care implementers early in the process. Through the strategies employed, the country's first national primary health-care guidelines were endorsed in 2016 and a phased three-year implementation started in August 2017. In addition, provision of primary health-care delivery of noncommunicable disease services was included in the country's 11th national development plan (2017-2023). During the guideline development process, we learnt that strong interdisciplinary skills in communication, organization, coalition building and systems thinking, and technical grasp of best-practices in low- and middle-income countries were important. Furthermore, misaligned agendas of stakeholders, exaggerated by a siloed approach to guideline development, underestimation of the importance of having policy instruments in place and coordination of the processes initially being led outside the health ministry caused delays. Our experience is relevant to other countries interested in developing and implementing guidelines for evidence-based noncommunicable disease services. :Malgré la charge de morbidité croissante des maladies non transmissibles, l'accès à des services décentralisés de qualité pour lutter contre ces maladies reste limité dans de nombreux pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. Dans cet article, nous décrivons les stratégies qui ont été employées pour mener les étapes d'adaptation, de validation et de mise en œuvre à l'échelle nationale des Lignes directrices 2016 du Botswana sur les soins de santé primaires pour l'adulte. Ces stratégies ont inclus: une évaluation multiniveau détaillée avec une large implication des parties prenantes et une analyse approfondie des données locales; le recours à des partenariats universitaires; la promotion de l'élaboration d'instruments politiques propices; l'intégration de lignes directrices portant spécifiquement sur les maladies non transmissibles dans les lignes directrices générales sur les soins primaires, en écho à l'orientation stratégique du ministère de la Santé. Au niveau des établissements de santé, les stratégies ont inclus: la création d'un programme de formation multiméthode à destination des prestataires de soins; l’exploitation de l'expérience acquise dans la prise en charge du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine et l’implication des prestataires de soins très tôt dans le processus. Grâce aux stratégies employées, les premières lignes directrices nationales sur les soins de santé primaires ont été validées en 2016, et une étape de mise en œuvre graduelle, sur trois ans, a commencé en août 2017. De plus, la prestation de soins de santé primaires contre les maladies non transmissibles a été incluse dans le 11e plan national de développement du pays (2017-2023). Pendant la phase d'élaboration des lignes directrices, nous avons constaté toute l'importance, dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire, de pouvoir compter sur de solides compétences interdisciplinaires en matière de communication, d'organisation, de création de coalitions et de réflexion systémique et d'obtenir une bonne compréhension technique des meilleures pratiques. Nous avons par ailleurs observé des retards provoqués par des problèmes d'incompatibilité d'agendas entre les différentes parties prenantes, exagérés par des approches cloisonnées lors de la phase d'élaboration des lignes directrices, par la sous-estimation de l'importance d'avoir des outils politiques déjà en place et par des difficultés de coordination des processus initialement pilotés hors du ministère de la Santé. Notre expérience peut être utile pour d'autres pays qui souhaiteraient élaborer et mettre en œuvre des lignes directrices pour des services de soins contre les maladies non transmissibles fondés sur des données probantes. :A pesar de la creciente carga de las enfermedades no transmisibles, el acceso a servicios de calidad descentralizados para estas enfermedades sigue siendo limitado en muchos países de bajos y medianos ingresos. A continuación, describimos las estrategias que empleamos para impulsar el proceso desde la adaptación a la aprobación nacional y la implementación de las directrices de atención primaria de la salud para adultos de Botswana de 2016. Las estrategias incluían una evaluación detallada a varios niveles con amplias aportaciones de las partes interesadas y un análisis a fondo de los datos locales; el aprovechamiento de las asociaciones académicas; la facilidad para elaborar instrumentos normativos de apoyo; la incorporación de directrices sobre las enfermedades no transmisibles en las directrices más amplias sobre la atención primaria de la salud, de conformidad con la dirección estratégica del Ministerio de Salud. A nivel de los centros de salud, las estrategias incluían la elaboración de un programa de capacitación multimétodo para los proveedores de servicios de salud, el aprovechamiento de la experiencia en la prestación de servicios de atención del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y la participación de los encargados de la ejecución de los servicios de salud en las primeras etapas del proceso. Gracias a las estrategias empleadas, en 2016 se aprobaron las primeras directrices nacionales de atención primaria de la salud del país y en agosto de 2017 se inició una aplicación por etapas de tres años. Además, la prestación de servicios de atención primaria de la salud para las enfermedades no transmisibles se incluyó en el 11º plan nacional de desarrollo del país (2017-2023). Durante el proceso de desarrollo de las directrices, aprendimos que eran importantes las buenas habilidades interdisciplinarias en comunicación, organización, formación de coaliciones y pensamiento sistémico, así como la comprensión técnica de las mejores prácticas en los países de ingresos bajos y medios. Por otra parte, las agendas desalineadas de las partes interesadas, exageradas por el enfoque aislado del desarrollo de las directrices, la subestimación de la importancia de contar con instrumentos de política y la coordinación de los procesos que inicialmente se llevaban a cabo fuera del ministerio de salud causaron retrasos. Nuestra experiencia es relevante para otros países interesados en desarrollar e implementar directrices para servicios de enfermedades no transmisibles basados en la evidencia. :على الرغم من ارتفاع عبء الأمراض غير المعدية، إلا أن الحصول على الخدمات اللامركزية ذات الجودة العالية للأمراض المعدية ظل محدوداً في العديد من الدول منخفضة الدخل ومتوسطة الدخل. نحن هنا نصف الاستراتيجيات التي استعنا بها لدفع العملية من مرحلة التكيف إلى مرحلة التأييد الوطني وتنفيذ إرشادات الرعاية الصحية الأولية للبالغين في بوتسوانا لعام 2016 . وشملت الاستراتيجيات تقييم مفصل متعدد المستويات بمدخلات واسعة من الجهات المعنية وتحليل متعمق للبيانات المحلية؛ والاستفادة من الشراكات الأكاديمية؛ وتسهيل تطوير أدوات دعم السياسات؛ ودمج إرشادات الأمراض غير المعدية في إطار إرشادات الرعاية الصحية الأولية الأوسع نطاقاً مع مواكبة التوجه الاستراتيجي لوزارة الصحة. وعلى مستوى المرافق، شملت الاستراتيجيات وضع برنامج تدريبي متعدد المناهج لمقدمي الرعاية الصحية، والاستفادة من تجربة توفير الرعاية لفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية، وإشراك منفذي الرعاية الصحية في مرحلة مبكرة من العملية. ومن خلال الاستراتيجيات المتبعة، تم اعتماد أول إرشادات للرعاية الصحية الأولية الوطنية في الدولة في عام 2016، وبدأ التنفيذ المرحلي لمدة ثلاث سنوات في أغسطس/آب 2017. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، فإن تقديم الرعاية الصحية الأولية لخدمات الأمراض غير المعدية قد تم إدراجه في خطة التنمية الوطنية رقم 11 للدولة (2017 إلى 2023). خلال عملية تطوير الإرشادات، أدركنا أهمية المهارات القوية متعددة التخصصات في مجال الاتصالات، والتنظيم، وبناء التحالفات، والتفكير في النظم، والفهم التقني لأفضل الممارسات في الدول منخفضة الدخل ومتوسطة الدخل. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن الأجندات غير المنسقة للجهات المعنية، والتي يُبالغ فيها نتيجة الأسلوب المنعزل لتطوير الإرشادات، والتقليل من أهمية وجود أدوات للسياسة قيد التنفيذ، وتنسيق العمليات التي تتم بشكل مبدئي خارج وزارة الصحة، قد تسبب ذلك كله في حدوث تأخيرات. تناسب خبرتنا الدول الأخرى المهتمة بتطوير وتنفيذ الإرشادات الخاصة بخدمات الأمراض غير المعدية القائمة على الأدلة. :由于非传染性疾病负担的日益加重,诸多低收入和中等收入国家获得优质、分散式的非传染性疾病服务的途径仍然有限。本文中,我们描述了所采用的策略,该策略推动《2016 年博茨瓦纳成人初级卫生保健指南》从适应实际情况到获得国家认可和实施的过程。这些策略包括了纳入广泛利益相关者的意见和对当地数据深入分析基础上的多层次详尽评估;利用学术合作伙伴关系;促进支持性政策工具的制定;将非传染性疾病指南纳入更广泛的初级卫生保健指南,并与卫生部的战略方向保持一致。在医疗机构层面,策略涵盖了为医疗护理提供人员制定的一种多方法培训计划、利用人体免疫缺陷病毒护理提供的经验以及在早期过程中聘请医护人员。通过采用此类策略,该国首个国家初级卫生保健指南于 2016 年获得批准,并于 2017 年 8 月开始分阶段进行三年实施计划。此外,该国第 11 个国家发展计划 (2017-2023) 还涵盖了提供非传染性疾病服务的初级卫生保健服务。在指南制定过程中,我们了解到,在沟通、组织、联盟建设和系统思考,以及对低收入和中等收入国家的最佳实践掌握技术等方面强大的跨学科技能至关重要。此外,利益相关者的议程方向偏离、指南制定的孤立方法过于夸大、制定政策工具的重要性被低估以及最初卫生部以外领导协调流程造成了延误。我们的经验关乎其他有兴趣制定并实施循证非传染性疾病服务指南的国家。. :Несмотря на растущее бремя неинфекционных заболеваний, доступ к качественному децентрализованному медицинскому обслуживанию в связи с этими заболеваниями в странах с низким и средним уровнем дохода остается ограниченным. В статье описаны стратегии по содействию данному процессу, начиная с адаптации и заканчивая принятием и внедрением на национальном уровне рекомендаций по первичному медико-санитарному обслуживанию взрослого населения в Ботсване на 2016 год. Стратегии включали: подробную многоуровневую оценку с привлечением широкого спектра партнеров и с глубоким анализом местных данных, обеспечение академического сотрудничества, содействие разработке сопутствующих стратегий и правил, внедрение рекомендаций относительно неинфекционных заболеваний в общие рекомендательные документы в сфере первичного медико-санитарного обслуживания с соблюдением основных направлений развития, принятых Министерством здравоохранения страны. На уровне учреждений здравоохранения стратегии включали в себя: разработку многосторонней программы обучения сотрудников системы здравоохранения, эффективное использование опыта, накопленного в ходе выполнения программ по лечению вируса иммунодефицита человека, и привлечение непосредственно занятого оказанием помощи медперсонала на самых ранних этапах. Благодаря этим стратегиям первые национальные рекомендации по первичному медико-санитарному обслуживанию были одобрены в 2016 году, а в августе 2017 года был запущен процесс их поэтапного внедрения в течение трехлетнего периода. Кроме того, оказание первичного медико-санитарного обслуживания применительно к неинфекционным заболеваниям было включено в 11-й национальный план развития (2017–2023 гг.). Процесс разработки рекомендаций продемонстрировал важность вовлечения многопрофильных специалистов в процессы обмена информацией, организации, создания коалиций и системного мышления, а также необходимость практического овладения передовым опытом в странах с низким и средним уровнем дохода. Кроме того, несогласованность интересов партнеров, усугубленная обособленным подходом к разработке рекомендаций, недостаточное понимание важности разработки стратегических планов и координации процессов, которые сначала не подчинялись Министерству здравоохранения, привели к задержкам. Полученный опыт важен для других стран, заинтересованных в разработке и внедрении рекомендаций по медико-санитарному обслуживанию неинфекционных заболеваний, основанному на принципах доказательной медицины.

authors

Tapela NM,Tshisimogo G,Shatera BP,Letsatsi V,Gaborone M,Madidimalo T,Ovberedjo M,Jibril HB,Tsima B,Nkomazana O,Dryden-Peterson S,Lockman S,Masupe T,Hirschhorn LR,El Halabi S

doi

10.2471/BLT.18.221424

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2019-02-01 00:00:00

pages

142-153

issue

2

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.18.221424

journal_volume

97

pub_type

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    更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00

  • A concurrent comparison of isoniazid plus PAS with three regimens of isoniazid alone in the domiciliary treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in South India.

    abstract::Recent studies have shown that treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis with isoniazid plus p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) at home is, in the majority of cases, as satisfactory as treatment with the same combination of drugs in sanatorium and does not appear to expose the patient's contacts to any special risk. Before mass do...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1960-01-01 00:00:00

  • Eradication of poliomyelitis in Cuba: a historical perspective.

    abstract::The eradication of poliomyelitis in Cuba, for which effective vaccines had to be acquired, is reviewed in this article. The strategy for eradication was based on mass immunization campaigns for the annual delivery of two doses of trivalent Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Except during the first campaign in 1962, ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Más Lago P

    更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00

  • A large-scale field trial of malathion as an insecticide for antimalarial work in Southern Uganda.

    abstract::Malathion shows promise as a substitute for chlorinated-hydrocarbon insecticides in the control of malaria whenever the latter are unsuitable because of Anopheles resistance or other reasons. A field trial of malathion was carried out in 1963-64, covering an area of about 500 km(2) with a population of about 26 000, i...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Najera JA,Shidrawi GR,Gibson FD,Stafford JS

    更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00

  • A serological test in tuberculosis. A "blind" trial of the kaolin-agglutination test (KAT) for detection of tuberculosis antibodies.

    abstract::Takahashi reported in 1962 that his kaolin-agglutination test (KAT), using the phosphatide fraction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as antigen, was capable of detecting specific antibodies in sera from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, and that the test could differentiate between active and inactive disease.The pre...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Zykov MP,Geser A,Egsmose T,Godovannyi BA,Donets I,Ang'awa JA,Patel RI,Blocher C,Poti SJ

    更新日期:1966-01-01 00:00:00

  • Resistance to implementing policy change: the case of Ukraine.

    abstract::Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in eastern Europe. Since 1990, the incidence rates of TB have continued to increase in Belarus, the Russian Federation, the Ukraine and the central Asian republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Eastern Europe, and in particular the Russian Fede...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2471/blt.06.034991

    authors: Atun R,Olynik I

    更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00

  • Metrizamide density gradients for separation of different developmental stages of malarial parasites.

    abstract::Density gradients with metrizamide, a tri-iodinated benzamido derivative of glucose, have been used to separate erythrocytes infected with three species of murine plasmodia. Uninfected erythrocytes separated well from erythrocytes containing parasites in different developmental stages. With metrizamide solutions, the ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Eugui EM,Allison AC

    更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00

  • Operational and epidemiological field research activities for the implementation of malaria control through primary health care in Africa.

    abstract::The magnitude of the malaria problem in tropical Africa has been a deterrent to a large-scale control effort as long as the aim was conceived to be only a reduction in transmission. The focus on local priorities brought about by the primary health care approach has resulted in the formulation of a strategy of malaria ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Najera JA

    更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00

  • Lyophilized combination pools of enterovirus equine antisera: new LBM pools prepared from reserves of antisera stored frozen for two decades.

    abstract::This paper describes the preparation and test procedures for a second batch of lyophilized LBM combination antiserum pools, A through H, used for identifying 42 enteroviruses. Each pool is selectively composed of 10 or 11 of 42 individual enterovirus equine sera so that it contains 500 antibody units of each serum com...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Melnick JL,Wimberly IL

    更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00

  • Association of meningococcal serogroups with the course of disease in the Netherlands, 1959-83.

    abstract::To study the association of meningococcal serogroups with the course of disease, we reviewed the case histories of 1221 patients. The meningococci from these patients constituted a sample from isolates collected and serogrouped systematically in the Netherlands since 1959. Of these 1221 isolates, 64% were serogroup B....

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Spanjaard L,Bol P,de Marie S,Zanen HC

    更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00

  • Removal of viruses from sewage, effluents, and waters. I. A review.

    abstract::All sewage and water treatment processes remove or destroy viruses. Some treatment methods are better than others, but none is likely to remove all of the viruses present in sewage or in raw water. Primary settling of solids probably removes a great many of the viruses in sewage because viruses are largely associated ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: Berg G

    更新日期:1973-01-01 00:00:00

  • THE NON-MEDICAL USE OF ANTIBIOTICS AND THE RISK OF CAUSING MICROBIAL DRUG-RESISTANCE.

    abstract::One of the hazards involved in the use of antibiotics in animal feeds is that it may lead to the development of bacterial drug-resistance. An analysis of the phenomenon shows that this possibility largely depends on the size of the bacterial populations involved and on the possibility of selective multiplication of th...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: MANTEN A

    更新日期:1963-01-01 00:00:00

  • OBSERVATIONS ON THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF BCG VACCINATION IN A SOUTH INDIAN RURAL POPULATION.

    abstract::Doubts have been raised on theoretical grounds concerning the effect of BCG in tropical countries, where in most places a large proportion of the population have a naturally acquired tuberculin allergy of low strength and unknown (but almost certainly non-specific) origin. Furthermore, vaccinations in the tropics may ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: FRIMODT-MOLLER J,THOMAS J,PARTHASARATHY R

    更新日期:1964-01-01 00:00:00

  • Progress in enzyme immunoassays: production of reagents, experimental design, and interpretation.

    abstract::Enzyme immunoassays represent in many cases the preferred procedure for the detection of antigens or corresponding antibodies. However, many of the current procedures are performed suboptimally. This article reviews the available designs, auxiliary recognition systems, production and purification of antibodies, conjug...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: Kurstak E

    更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00