Abstract：
:Gastroesophageal reflux is defined as the passage of stomach contents into the esophagus with or without accompanied regurgitation (spitting up) and vomiting. It is a normal physiologic process that occurs throughout the day in infants and less often in children and adolescents. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is reflux that causes troublesome symptoms or leads to medical complications. The diagnoses of gastroesophageal reflux and GERD are based on the history and physical examination. Diagnostic tests, such as endoscopy, barium study, multiple intraluminal impedance, and pH monitoring, are reserved for when there are atypical symptoms, warning signs, doubts about the diagnosis, or suspected complications or treatment failure. In infants, most regurgitation resolves by 12 months of age and does not require treatment. Reflux in infants may be treated with body position changes while awake, lower-volume feedings, thickening agents (i.e., rice cereal), antiregurgitant formula, extensively hydrolyzed or amino acid formulas, and, in breastfed infants, eliminating cow's milk and eggs from the mother's diet. Lifestyle changes to treat reflux in children and adolescents include sleeping position changes; weight loss; and avoiding smoking, alcohol, and late evening meals. Histamine H2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors are the principal medical therapies for GERD. They are effective in infants, based on low-quality evidence, and in children and adolescents, based on low- to moderate-quality evidence. Surgical treatment is available, but should be considered only when medical therapy is unsuccessful or is not tolerated.
journal_name
Am Fam Physicianjournal_title
American family physicianauthors
Baird DC,Harker DJ,Karmes ASsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-10-15 00:00:00pages
705-14issue
8eissn
0002-838Xissn
1532-0650pii
d12138journal_volume
92pub_type
杂志文章,病人教育讲义abstract：:Transdermal nicotine systems are a useful adjunct to smoking cessation. The larger-sized nicotine patches provide steady-state replacement of approximately 50 percent of the average serum nicotine level obtained by smoking one to one and one-half packs of cigarettes a day. This level is sufficient to prevent many symp...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Subungual hemorrhage, onychauxis, onychogryphosis, mycotic infections, onychia and paronychia are common toenail disorders in the elderly. The many contributing factors include impaired vision, changes in gait, past foot conditions and neurovascular disease. Hyperkeratotic disorders are secondary to external or intern...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Manic episodes are characterized by the triad of unstable mood, pressured speech and increased motor activity. This type of episode is often due to bipolar disorder. Benzodiazepines and antipsychotic agents are generally used in the acute emergency management of mania. Lithium, carbamazepine or a valproate preparation...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Burns are the second most common cause of death in childhood. More than half of pediatric burns are partial-thickness scald burns; the majority occur in the kitchen. Generally, minor burns may be treated on an outpatient basis, while moderate burns are treated in a community hospital. Children with major burns should ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1987-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Determining the cause of metabolic acidosis with a high anion gap may present a diagnostic challenge. Possible causes include ketoacidosis, certain toxic ingestions, renal failure and lactic acidosis. Many of these entities present with nausea, vomiting and changes in mental status; however, there are specific hallmar...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rosacea is a common, but often overlooked, skin condition of uncertain etiology that can lead to significant facial disfigurement, ocular complications, and severe emotional distress. The progression of rosacea is variable; however, typical stages include: (1) facial flushing, (2) erythema and/or edema and ocular symp...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:More than 100,000 children are born in the U.S. each year with major congenital defects or genetic disorders, with or without mental retardation. Advances in prenatal diagnosis have now made it possible to detect an increasing number of these disorders in utero. Carrier detection is advised prior to pregnancy, rather ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tic disorders and Tourette's syndrome are conditions that primary care physicians are likely to encounter. Up to 20 percent of children have at least a transient tic disorder at some point. Once believed to be rare, Tourette's syndrome is now known to be a more common disorder that represents the most complex and seve...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1999-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Patients with seasonal affective disorder have episodes of major depression that tend to recur during specific times of the year, usually in winter. Like major depression, seasonal affective disorder probably is underdiagnosed in primary care settings. Although several screening instruments are available, such screeni...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nearly 40 percent of Americans complain about insomnia. Such complaints are even more common among the elderly, possibly because sleep efficiency decreases with age. As a result, the use of hypnotics in this age group is high--sometimes too high. Hypnotics can be addictive, and many have a low therapeutic index. The b...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pharmacologic agents that attenuate the influence of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are known to reduce systemic arterial blood pressure through vasodilatory action and enhanced renal clearance of sodium and water. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are known to antagonize the renin-angiotensin-aldoste...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cirrhosis is a diffuse process characterized by fibrosis and the conversion of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules. The modified Child-Pugh score, which ranks the severity of cirrhosis based on signs and liver function test results, has been shown to predict survival. Strategies have been esta...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2001-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The female athlete triad is defined as the combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea and osteoporosis. This disorder often goes unrecognized. The consequences of lost bone mineral density can be devastating for the female athlete. Premature osteoporotic fractures can occur, and lost bone mineral density may never b...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A large number of drugs are introduced every year, and new interactions between medications are increasingly reported. Consequently, it is no longer practical for physicians to rely on memory alone to avoid potential drug interactions. Multiple drug regimens carry the risk of adverse interactions. Precipitant drugs mo...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2000-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Vomiting, amnesia, a history of falls and other injuries, and depression and anxiety may all be clues to a drinking problem. Decreased work performance, absenteeism and difficulty in getting along with others may be present. Coming to grips with the problem is essential. Once the patient accepts the need for abstinenc...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1978-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Knowledge about diabetes mellitus and its management has steadily increased since the discovery of insulin in 1921. Specific therapies for both type I and type II diabetes have resulted in greater normalization of plasma glucose levels. Information obtained from self-monitoring of blood glucose levels has given physic...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bordetella pertussis is a highly contagious bacterium known to cause pertussis (whooping cough) and is transmitted via airborne droplets. Although childhood vaccination has dramatically reduced reported pertussis cases, the incidence of the disease has increased over the past 20 years, most notably in previously immun...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This is a tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons contained within the osseofibrous tunnel of the distal radius. Multiple tendons for the abductor pollicis longus and a separate, severely narrowed sheath for the extensor pollicis brevis make nonsurgical treatment difficult at...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1979-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Group B streptococci and Escherichia coli are the most frequently isolated etiologic agents in neonatal septicemia. Neonatal infection that is caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is usually late in onset, nosocomial in origin and epidemic in pattern. However, P. aeruginosa must be considered in all neonatal infections, r...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several effective and inexpensive over-the-counter treatments are available for minor but troubling foot problems. In most cases, one week of therapy with topical terbinafine is effective for interdigital tinea pedis. Treatment of plantar warts with 17 percent salicylic acid with lactic acid in a collodion base is as ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Emergency contraception decreases the risk of unintended pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse or after suspected failure of routine contraception (e.g., a condom breaking). Oral methods include combined contraceptive pills (i.e., Yuzpe method), single- or split-dose levonorgestrel, and ulipristal. The Yuzpe ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tension-type headache typically causes pain that radiates in a band-like fashion bilaterally from the forehead to the occiput. Pain often radiates to the neck muscles and is described as tightness, pressure, or dull ache. Migraine-type features (unilateral, throbbing pain, nausea, photophobia) are not present All pati...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Particularly in rural settings, Trichophyton verrucosum commonly causes an inflammatory tinea infection, sometimes called 'barn itch." There is usually a history of contact with animals. The demonstration of clusters of large spores in a potassium hydroxide preparation of scrappings obtained from clinically involved s...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Excessive sweating from the palms and soles, known as palmoplantar hyperhidrosis, affects both children and adults. Diagnosis of this potentially embarrassing and socially disabling condition is based on the patient's history and visible signs of sweating. The condition usually is idiopathic. Treatment remains a chall...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Abdominal aortic aneurysms occur in 5 to 7 percent of people over age 60 in the United States. An aneurysm is defined as a permanent localized dilatation of an artery, with an increase in diameter of greater than 1.5 times its normal diameter. Abdominal aortic aneurysms may be manifested by catastrophic rupture, signs...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1997-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Eating disorders are life-threatening conditions that are challenging to address; however, the primary care setting provides an important opportunity for critical medical and psychosocial intervention. The recently published Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., includes updated diagnostic cr...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Family physicians can treat most finger fractures and dislocations, but when necessary, prompt referral to an orthopedic or hand surgeon is important to maximize future function. Examination includes radiography (oblique, anteroposterior, and true lateral views) and physical examination to detect fractures. Dislocatio...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hepatitis A is a common viral illness worldwide, although the incidence in the United States has diminished in recent years as a result of extended immunization practices. Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through fecal-oral contamination, and there are occasional outbreaks through food sources. Young children are usua...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypothyroidism can often be misdiagnosed as psychiatric illness. The hypothyroid patient may present with depression, an organic mental disorder, apathy and/or frank psychosis (usually with paranoid symptoms). Psychiatric manifestations of the endocrinopathy will abate with thyroid hormone replacement therapy, unless ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1981-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:With the release of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., the diagnostic category previously known as somatoform disorders is now called somatic symptom and related disorders. The revisions were intended to increase their relevance in the primary care setting. The main feature of this dis...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
