Abstract:
:Ocular tissues, like those of other organs, exhibit limited morphologic reactions to trauma, i.e., hyperemia, abrupt vasodilation, increased blood flow; increased permeability of blood vessels, edema and increased tissue pressure (disrupted blood-ocular barrier); and later, a cellular inflammatory response. The cystoid macular edema (CME) that occurs after surgery for cataract has a considerably higher incidence in more severely traumatized eyes. It is characterized by increased perifoveal capillary permeability that may be related either to prior vasoconstriction or to vasodilation, and it may be accompanied by a cellular inflammatory response either in the (uvea) ciliary body, vitreous, or retina, or in combination thereof. Virtually all the physiologic, metabolic, and morphologic responses to trauma can be assigned to liberation of endogenous mediators. The lesions that occur after ocular trauma may be related to the synthesis and release of prostaglandins. There is moderate support for this hypothesis, but other or additional endogenous mediators must also be considered as contributing to the production of retinal edema as a nociceptive response to trauma. The various factors that may contribute to development of CME, and their mechanisms of action, are discussed. The speculations and hypotheses contained in this review need to be confirmed or denied by applications to the eye of techniques that have been used successfully in other organ systems. Adequate prophylaxis may be provided by cyclooxygenase inhibitors, but it is more likely accomplished with corticosteroids. However, definitive clinical tests have not been done, and it should be noted that excellent surgery with minimal disruption of the blood-ocular barrier is the best prophylaxis for this iatrogenic disease. When the lesion is established and does not respond to large doses of corticosteroids, a careful study is needed to decide whether vitreous inflammation and/or strand formation accounts for the irreversibility.
journal_name
Surv Ophthalmoljournal_title
Survey of ophthalmologyauthors
Sears MLdoi
10.1016/0039-6257(84)90236-4subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1984-05-01 00:00:00pages
525-34eissn
0039-6257issn
1879-3304pii
0039-6257(84)90236-4journal_volume
28 Supplpub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) is a high-resolution ultrasound technique that allows noninvasive in vivo imaging of structural details of the anterior ocular segment at near light microscopic resolution and provides detailed assessment of anterior segment structures, including those obscured by normal anatomic and pat...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2011.04.004
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is generally accepted that postoperatively radiographic examinations be limited to the area of pathology. The patient presented here complained of visual difficulties two years after transphenoidal removal of a pituitary prolactinoma. His endocrinologist ordered what he believed to be the appropriate computed tomog...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(85)90090-6
更新日期:1985-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The possible applications of biofeedback to the treatment of ophthalmologic disorders is reviewed. Studies have suggested utility in the management of blepharospasms, strabismus, nystagmus, and other eye movement disorders as well as the training of voluntary control of accommodation. Limitations of the current litera...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(83)90195-9
更新日期:1983-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::For 11 years, a 50-year-old woman with euthyroid Graves' disease experienced intermittent exacerbations of her orbitopathy associated with a decline in visual acuity. On each occasion, treatment with systemic corticosteroids led to prompt recovery of vision. Upon referral for consideration for orbital decompressive su...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(97)00094-5
更新日期:1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::At the time of the American Revolution, understanding of diseases of the eye was rudimentary, treatment of ocular problems was largely ineffective, and American physicians were highly dependent on their European colleagues for training and development. Knowledge of optics, light and color was somewhat more advanced. T...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(77)90028-5
更新日期:1977-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Caspar Stromayr, ophthalmologist and hernia surgeon, is credited with writing the first German ophthalmic work of known authorship. Written in about 1559 as an appendix to Practica Copiosa, a larger work on hernia surgery, the ophthalmic chapters describe Stromayr's thoughts on the etiology and treatment of cataract. ...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(90)90072-4
更新日期:1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ocular posterior segment manifestations of AIDS may be divided into four categories: retinal vasculopathy, unusual malignancies, neuro-ophthalmologic abnormalities, and opportunistic infections. Microvasculopathy is the most common manifestation. Opportunistic infections, particularly cytomegalovirus retinitis and...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2003.12.008
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Because of its uniqueness, the eye has long been a favored site for immunological study. It is a highly active tissue immunologically, with virtually all types of immune reactions present. This article reviews the ocular immune response, chorioretinal diseases with immunologic features, and immunology of ocular tumors...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(81)90155-7
更新日期:1981-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 30-year-old woman developed left-sided headaches and ipsilateral oculosympathetic paresis (Horner's syndrome) secondary to carotid dissection. Although she initially denied preceding trauma, further questioning revealed a pattern of physical abuse by her boyfriend, including an attempted strangulation shortly before...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(97)00054-4
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is still the most common cause of failure of surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, despite the substantial effort that has been devoted to better understanding and managing this condition during the past 25 years. Basic research has indicated that PVR represents scarring,...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(98)00023-x
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Conjunctivochalasis, defined as a redundant conjunctiva typically located between the globe and the lower eyelid, is not uncommon. However, it is often overlooked, as it may be considered a normal senile change. Conjunctivochalasis can cause a spectrum of symptoms, ranging from aggravation of a dry eye at the mild sta...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(98)00037-x
更新日期:1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cystic macular lesions frequently contribute to impaired visual acuity in hereditary retinal dystrophies. Their pathogenesis varies and is not entirely understood. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have proven to be potentially efficacious, although not in all cases. We discuss the various factors and mechanisms implicate...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.11.006
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report a patient with left eye positional transient visual obscurations, diplopia, a left afferent pupillary defect, and optic disk edema-all occurring during pregnancy. Noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging revealed an orbital mass encasing the optic nerve and extending through the superior orbital fissure into t...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.01.006
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 74-year-old woman experienced chronic painless progressive binocular horizontal diplopia for 2 years. Initial examination showed a visual acuity of 20/20 OU. External and slit lamp examination was unremarkable. Orthoptic evaluation showed an incomitant esotropia, a small vertical strabismus, and a large degree of ex...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.10.006
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Surgeons must decide on the type of anesthesia to use when performing cataract surgery. These "viewpoints" articles provide a well-balanced discussion offering the pros and cons of both topical anesthesia and retrobulbar/peribulbar injection. Dr. Dutton gives an overview of both techniques, focusing on relevant orbita...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(01)00246-6
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The clinical syndrome of divergence paralysis has been described since the mid 19th century. Speculation still surrounds the possible existence of an anatomical center for divergence function. Our report explores this possibility and describes the magnetic resonance images of a patient with a unilateral 6th nerve pals...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(86)90094-9
更新日期:1986-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The nonocular manifestations of parenteral drug abuse are presented to familiarize the ophthalmologist with this ever growing, medical and psychosocial problem. The ophthalmologist, like other primary care physicians, may be the first professional to encounter these patients whose substance abuse may lead to a wider s...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(86)90063-9
更新日期:1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Optic disk imaging is integral to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with glaucoma. We discuss the various forms of imaging the optic nerve, including ophthalmoscopy, photography, and newer imaging modalities, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (HRT), and scanning...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.10.004
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The development of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging techniques provides the physician with a non-invasive means of obtaining anatomic, physiologic and biochemical information about neuro-ophthalmic disorders. The authors summarize the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and present a case report illustr...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(84)90116-4
更新日期:1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adjunctive therapy for the management of glaucoma is commonly used. Unfixed combinations of the prostaglandin analog latanoprost and other glaucoma medications have been demonstrated to effectively lower intraocular pressure (IOP). The range of reported additional reductions in IOP compared to a monotherapy baseline a...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00295-3
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cortical blindness is an uncommon, but dramatic, complication of preeclampsia. We present a case in which diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging played a critical role in determining the etiology of the cortical blindness and its subsequent management. ...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2003.08.008
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The published evidence that instilled drugs can affect the blood supply to the retina and optic nerve head in humans is examined. As a background, seven techniques that have been used to measure flow are briefly described and criticized. For timolol, the corresponding measurements, obtained by a number of investigator...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00326-0
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are numerous unresolved issues and controversies regarding the management of open-globe injuries involving the posterior segment. These areas include, but are not limited to, the following issues. Although vitrectomy has been shown to improve visual outcomes and allow retention of the eye in many cases, the exte...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(99)00104-6
更新日期:1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Insertion of glaucoma drainage devices has become a mainstay in the surgical management of multiple forms of glaucoma, and the indications for this procedure continue to expand. A unique clinical challenge in the postoperative care of these devices is the hypertensive phase, a period of postoperative intraocular press...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.10.008
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Benjamin Franklin, who died 200 years ago, is generally credited with the invention of bifocals. However, serious historians have from time to time produced evidence to suggest that others may have preceded him in the invention. This historical article includes correspondence from George Whatley, a London philanthropi...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(90)90092-a
更新日期:1990-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent advances in topographic analysis have provided powerful tools for detecting subtle, but clinically significant, alterations of corneal contour. This article compares keratometry, keratoscopy, and computer-assisted topographic analysis and provides specific examples of the sensitivity of computer-assisted system...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(91)90047-j
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite the improving results that have been noted with penetrating keratoplasty, graft failure remains a significant problem. The causes of graft failure are quite varied. Primary donor failure, surgical complications, intraocular lens complications, persistent epithelial defects, allograft rejection, infection, glau...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(90)90110-h
更新日期:1990-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::With an occurrence of approximately 1 in 3000 births, von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF) is one of the most common inherited human disorders. NF is considered a neurocristopathy, a disorder of neural crest derived cells. One of the complications of NF is the development of neural crest derived malignancies such...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(89)90014-3
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful, non-invasive technique for mapping human brain function. Because of the robust signal intensity changes associated with visual stimuli, fMRI is particularly useful for studying visual cortex (including both striate and extrastriate cortex). Also, activation o...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00356-9
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Through the efforts of Dr. Townley Paton, eye banks were founded in New York in the early 1940s. Since that time there has been steady growth in both the supply of and demand for donor material. A number of factors have contributed to the success of eye banks in the U.S.A., including improvements in eye banking techni...
journal_title:Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0039-6257(82)90151-5
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00