The invention and early manufacture of bifocals.

abstract：:Two short visual field tests were performed on 106 subjects approximately 5 minutes apart with or without a hand vibration stimulus between the field tests. There were 31 eyes in the control group (10 without glaucoma, eight glaucoma suspects, 10 with primary open-angle glaucoma, and three with secondary open-angle gl...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Chai E,Goldberg I,Chia A,Chen J

更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although airbags measurably reduce the overall risk of injury to adults (including eye injury), and death from motor vehicle accidents, injuries attributed to airbag deployment have been reported. To identify reported cases of ocular trauma related to airbag deployment, a MEDLINE search from 1991 to 2000 was performed...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Pearlman JA,Au Eong KG,Kuhn F,Pieramici DJ

更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The published evidence that instilled drugs can affect the blood supply to the retina and optic nerve head in humans is examined. As a background, seven techniques that have been used to measure flow are briefly described and criticized. For timolol, the corresponding measurements, obtained by a number of investigator...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Maurice DM

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cystic macular lesions frequently contribute to impaired visual acuity in hereditary retinal dystrophies. Their pathogenesis varies and is not entirely understood. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have proven to be potentially efficacious, although not in all cases. We discuss the various factors and mechanisms implicate...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Salvatore S,Fishman GA,Genead MA

更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a medium-to-large vessel vasculitis with potentially sight- and life- threatening complications. Our understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of GCA has advanced rapidly in recent times. The validity of using the American College of Rheumatology guidelines for diagnosis...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Frohman L,Wong AB,Matheos K,Leon-Alvarado LG,Danesh-Meyer HV

更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cortical blindness is an uncommon, but dramatic, complication of preeclampsia. We present a case in which diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging played a critical role in determining the etiology of the cortical blindness and its subsequent management. ...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Gregory DG,Pelak VS,Bennett JL

更新日期：2003-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A 37-year-old woman experienced painless, progressive vision loss to no light perception in the left eye over the course of 3 days. The right eye was unaffected. On examination, the only other abnormal finding was a +4 left afferent pupillary defect. She was initially diagnosed with retrobulbar optic neuritis and admi...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Craenen G,Brown SM,Freedman KA,Windisch TR,Corona J

更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Angle-closure glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Diagnosis and treatment are intricately related to angle assessment techniques. This article reviews the literature on angle assessment and provides recommendations about optimal techniques based on the published evidence. Specifically, we review gon...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Friedman DS,He M

更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Posterior scleritis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of many ocular conditions, including angle closure glaucoma, choroidal folds, optic disk edema, circumscribed fundus mass, choroidal detachment, and exudative retinal detachment. Because it is rare, a high index of suspicion is necessary. Anterior sc...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Benson WE

更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:Laser photocoagulation treatment of the posterior pole of the retina is often complicated by immediate visual impairment, which is caused by the unavoidable laser-induced destruction of the normal tissue adjacent to the lesion. A neuroprotective therapy aimed at salvaging this normal tissue might enhance the ...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Solberg Y,Dubinski G,Tchirkov M,Belkin M,Rosner M

更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The growth of the eye results in a myopic shift in aphakic and pseudophakic eyes during childhood. Cataract surgery after the age of 6 months, with or without lens implantation, appears to have little effect on the rate of refractive growth. Most children with pseudophakia have a large amount of myopic shift. This myo...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： McClatchey SK,Hofmeister EM

更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a form of inherited night blindness. Over decades, various dubious treatment strategies that lacked sufficient theoretically sound underpinnings were explored. Initially they were enthusiastically promoted and subsequently discredited. It is apparent that many were predicated on the errone...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Fishman GA

更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mitochondrial diseases frequently manifest neuro-ophthalmologic symptoms and signs. Because of the predilection of mitochondrial disorders to involve the optic nerves, extraocular muscles, retina, and even the retrochiasmal visual pathways, the ophthalmologist is often the first physician to be consulted. Disorders ca...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Fraser JA,Biousse V,Newman NJ

更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Unknown to the Western hemisphere, a Polish scientist, naturalist, anatomist, physiologist, philosopher and optician, Witelo, wrote an important ten volume manuscript, Peri-Optikes, usually cited in the literature as Perspectiva. This classic textbook was first published in 1535 in Nuremberg under the title: Vitellion...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Fryczkowski AW,Bieganowski L,Nye CN

更新日期：1996-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review summarizes recent short-term clinical studies evaluating the ocular hypotensive efficacy of different dose-regimens of latanoprost. When tested in ocular hypertensive and glaucoma patients concomitantly treated with timolol, 0.006% latanoprost given only in the evening, was found to be more effective than ...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Diestelhorst M,Krieglstein GK,Lusky M,Nagasubramanian S

更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Coats'-like changes (i.e., retinal telangiectasia and/or exudative detachment) have been reported in as many as 1.2 to 3.6 percent of patients with retinitis pigmentosa. In severe cases this disorder may progress to total retinal detachment and visual loss in the context of longstanding retinitis pigmentosa. Forty-six...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Khan JA,Ide CH,Strickland MP

更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Paranasal sinus osteoma is a slow-growing, benign, encapsulated bony tumor that may be commonly asymptomatic, being detected incidentally in 1% of plain sinus radiographs or in 3% of sinus computerized tomographic scans. In a patient presenting with orbital cellulitis and epiphora, computed tomography disclosed a larg...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Mansour AM,Salti H,Uwaydat S,Dakroub R,Bashshour Z

更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Latent herpes simplex virus (HSV) is known to reside in the trigeminal ganglia. Our studies show that the temporary retrobulbar disruption of trigeminal nerve function in chronically infected animals caused a striking decrease in the number of positive HSV cultures obtained during the 20 weeks immediately following su...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Nesburn AB,Dickinson R,Radnoti M,Green MJ

更新日期：1976-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Eye cancer-related glaucomas occur through a variety of mechanisms. They can be challenging to diagnose and are often refractory to treatment. The literature reveals the variety of ways eye cancers cause glaucoma. Mechanisms include direct invasion, infiltration, or seeding of the aqueous outflow structures as well as...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Radcliffe NM,Finger PT

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A total of 85 eyes (75 patients) with pseudogliomas (i.e., certain conditions which simulate retinoblastoma, were examined histopathologically to determine the incidence of rubeosis iridis. Neovascularization of the anterior surface of the iris was found in 70 eyes (82%). The principal associated changes in these eyes...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Moazed K,Albert D,Smith TR

更新日期：1980-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sarcoidosis is an uncommon cause of childhood uveitis. However, the ophthalmologist familiar with the clinical features of childhood sarcoidosis can play a key role in the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. Two subsets of pediatric sarcoidosis are identified. The 8-15 year age group has almost universal lung in...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Hoover DL,Khan JA,Giangiacomo J

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The introduction of the concept of blood-ocular barriers in the ophthalmic literature is briefly reviewed. Two main blood-ocular barriers are proposed: the blood-aqueous barrier and the blood-retinal barrier. The blood-aqueous barrier is formed by an epithelial barrier located in the nonpigmented layer of the ciliary ...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Cunha-Vaz J

更新日期：1979-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ocular posterior segment manifestations of AIDS may be divided into four categories: retinal vasculopathy, unusual malignancies, neuro-ophthalmologic abnormalities, and opportunistic infections. Microvasculopathy is the most common manifestation. Opportunistic infections, particularly cytomegalovirus retinitis and...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Vrabec TR

更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Conjunctivochalasis, defined as a redundant conjunctiva typically located between the globe and the lower eyelid, is not uncommon. However, it is often overlooked, as it may be considered a normal senile change. Conjunctivochalasis can cause a spectrum of symptoms, ranging from aggravation of a dry eye at the mild sta...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Meller D,Tseng SC

更新日期：1998-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent advances in topographic analysis have provided powerful tools for detecting subtle, but clinically significant, alterations of corneal contour. This article compares keratometry, keratoscopy, and computer-assisted topographic analysis and provides specific examples of the sensitivity of computer-assisted system...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Wilson SE,Klyce SD

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:New methods of corneal preservation for penetrating keratoplasty have recently been developed to meet the increasing demand for donor corneal tissue. Techniques utilized in the laboratory to evaluate the viability of the corneal endothelium and the clinical results obtained with each method are discussed. All of the n...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Van Horn DL,Schultz RO

更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:At the time of the American Revolution, understanding of diseases of the eye was rudimentary, treatment of ocular problems was largely ineffective, and American physicians were highly dependent on their European colleagues for training and development. Knowledge of optics, light and color was somewhat more advanced. T...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Kronfeld PC,Albert DM,O'Connell M

更新日期：1977-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sphingolipids are a ubiquitous membrane lipid present in every cell and found most abundantly in neural tissues. Disorders such as Tay-Sachs or Niemann-Pick disease are the most familiar examples of dysfunction in sphingolipid metabolism and are typically associated with neurodegeneration and ocular findings such as b...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Chen H,Chan AY,Stone DU,Mandal NA

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) involves a progressive impairment of the outer layers in the center of the retina. Experimental studies have demonstrated that bright light preferentially damages precisely the region that degenerates in AMD. The evidence that solar radiation is responsible for some of the deteri...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： Young RW

更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Optic nerve hemangioblastoma is a rare tumor that is usually unilateral and most commonly occurs in the context of von Hippel-Lindau disease. Differential diagnosis is based on clinical history and imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium enhancement is the most useful imaging modality as it can reveal flow...

journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology

authors： McGrath LA,Mudhar HS,Salvi SM

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00