Abstract：
:The published evidence that instilled drugs can affect the blood supply to the retina and optic nerve head in humans is examined. As a background, seven techniques that have been used to measure flow are briefly described and criticized. For timolol, the corresponding measurements, obtained by a number of investigators are evaluated. The outcome is very erratic and does not allow any conclusion as to the effect of this drug on flow. Consideration is then given to the possible mechanism whereby a drug could affect blood flow; directly, by diffusion to receptors on the vessels, or indirectly, through more anterior receptors. The question is raised whether the small changes in circulation induced by drugs would not be swamped by those resulting from natural alterations in the ambient light level. The literature was analyzed in the hope of identifying discrete entry pathways, for example, through the lens or the suprachoroidal space, that are sufficiently permeable to allow a significant quantity of drug to pass. There was an indication that a drug might diffuse through the lens cortex in sufficient quantity to cause a measurable rise in its concentration in the vitreous. In general, however, there was insufficient quantitative data to allow any meaningful predictions to be made. Stimulated by recent evidence, it is suggested that drug penetration from the tear fluid takes place by direct diffusion across the conjunctiva into the sclera and orbit when the head is supine.
journal_name
Surv Ophthalmoljournal_title
Survey of ophthalmologyauthors
Maurice DMdoi
10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00326-0subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-08-01 00:00:00pages
S41-52eissn
0039-6257issn
1879-3304pii
S0039625702003260journal_volume
47 Suppl 1pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:A 47-year-old man presented with sudden visual loss, optic disk edema, retinal ischemia, and limited upgaze in the left eye. Initial MRI revealed thickened, enhancing left optic nerve. Extensive work-up for an inflammatory and infiltrative etiology was positive only for Borrelia burgdorferi IgM by Western blot. Six we...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.12.003
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Once we understand that an increase in the size of the optic disk cup is due to loss of optic nerve fibers combined with some physical tissue rearrangements, it is quite clear that cupping begins as soon as nerve loss begins. Methods to detect cupping are more sensitive to the earliest glaucoma damage than are present...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(85)90080-3
更新日期：1985-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent advances in topographic analysis have provided powerful tools for detecting subtle, but clinically significant, alterations of corneal contour. This article compares keratometry, keratoscopy, and computer-assisted topographic analysis and provides specific examples of the sensitivity of computer-assisted system...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(91)90047-j
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A total of 85 eyes (75 patients) with pseudogliomas (i.e., certain conditions which simulate retinoblastoma, were examined histopathologically to determine the incidence of rubeosis iridis. Neovascularization of the anterior surface of the iris was found in 70 eyes (82%). The principal associated changes in these eyes...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(80)90151-4
更新日期：1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, which are formulated as ophthalmic eyedrop preparations, have recently become commercially available for use by ophthalmologists in the United States to inhibit intraoperative miosis during cataract surgery and to prevent postoperative inflammation. In addition, they are available worldwide...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(92)90095-b
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Based on their mechanism of action, the most frequently used ocular hypertensive agents, the beta-blockers, cannot be assumed to reduce IOP during sleep. The need for drugs that reduce IOP around-the-clock is underscored, however, by the fact that inadequate nocturnal ocular perfusion pressure is considered to be one ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(97)80021-5
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of the article is to describe the optics of the contact wide-angle lens system with stereo-reinverter for vitreous surgery. A panoramic viewing system is made up of two components; an indirect ophthalmoscopy lens system for fundus image viewing, which is placed on the patient's cornea as a contact lens, an...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2004.04.010
更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thymoxamine is an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent which works by competitive antagonism of norepinephrine. It is the only alpha-adrenergic blocker available which has tolerable side effects when used as an ophthalmic solution. When used as a 0.5% solution it consistently produces miosis without affecting the intraocul...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(80)90150-2
更新日期：1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Seventy percent of the blood flow to the eye goes to the choroid, a structure that is vitally important to the function of the retina. The in vivo structure of the choroid in health and disease is incompletely visualized with traditional imaging modalities, including indocyanine green angiography, ultrasonography, and...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.12.001
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Corneal lymphangiogenesis is the extension of lymphatic vessels into the normally alymphatic cornea, a process that compromises the cornea's immune-privileged state and facilitates herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). HSK results most commonly from infection by herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and is characterized by immun...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.06.001
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Posterior scleritis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of many ocular conditions, including angle closure glaucoma, choroidal folds, optic disk edema, circumscribed fundus mass, choroidal detachment, and exudative retinal detachment. Because it is rare, a high index of suspicion is necessary. Anterior sc...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(88)90093-8
更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Testicular lymphoma is a rare neoplasm of the testis that is most commonly seen in older patients. It metastasizes preferentially to extranodal sites, including the skin, central nervous system, Waldeyer ring, contralateral testis, and lung. Two case reports of patients with a history of testicular lymphoma who develo...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.11.002
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this review is to present the recent evidence linking the family of ubiquitous proteases called calpains (EC 3.4.22.17) to neuropathologies of the retina. The hypothesis being tested in such studies is that over-activation of calpains by elevated intracellular calcium contributes to retinal cell death p...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.12.006
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 37-year-old woman experienced painless, progressive vision loss to no light perception in the left eye over the course of 3 days. The right eye was unaffected. On examination, the only other abnormal finding was a +4 left afferent pupillary defect. She was initially diagnosed with retrobulbar optic neuritis and admi...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2004.02.012
更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the current medical environment, long-standing and appropriate referral patterns among medical care providers may be scrutinized for possible violation of a technical provision of Medicare, the "anti-fraud and abuse statute." The physician can avoid misunderstanding by preparing and implementing a compliance progra...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(99)90134-0
更新日期：2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There are a number of unresolved questions regarding small choroidal melanomas. At what stage in the natural history of these tumors do they develop the capacity to metastasize? What are the effects of various therapeutic modalities on the incidence of metastatic disease? Clinicopathologic studies suggest that patient...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(78)90133-9
更新日期：1978-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A comparison has been made between pars plana lansectomy and intracapsular cataract extraction Pars plana lensectomy has been shown to have many advantages. It is applicable to any age, while intracapsular cataract extraction is restricted to patients over 30 years old. It can be used in any type of cataract, whereas ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(82)90191-6
更新日期：1982-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An 81-year-old-woman developed a right facial palsy and orbital cellulitis following an apparently innocuous puncture injury of the right lower eyelid. Generalized tetanus ensued which proved fatal despite aggressive treatment including use of tetanus immune globulin, wound debridement, and neuromuscular blockade with...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(87)90118-4
更新日期：1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Optic nerve hemangioblastoma is a rare tumor that is usually unilateral and most commonly occurs in the context of von Hippel-Lindau disease. Differential diagnosis is based on clinical history and imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium enhancement is the most useful imaging modality as it can reveal flow...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.10.002
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glaucomatous optic neuropathy implies loss of retinal ganglion cells, including their axons, and a major tissue remodeling, especially in the optic nerve head. Although increased intraocular pressure is a major risk factor for glaucomatous optic neuropathy, there is little doubt that other factors such as ocular blood...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.06.006
更新日期：2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 30-year-old man presented with painless total visual loss in the right eye. Fundus exam and imaging was consistent with total internal carotid artery occlusion and hemispheric stroke. The presentation and management options of retinal vascular occlusive disease in association with asymptomatic stroke are discussed. ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.06.007
更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is important to equip future ophthalmic surgeons with appropriate surgical skills without compromising patient care. The ExPRESS implant surgery is very similar to trabeculectomy surgery in both efficacy and technique, but is less traumatic and may be prone to less postoperative hypotony and require less postoperat...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.02.008
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Coats'-like changes (i.e., retinal telangiectasia and/or exudative detachment) have been reported in as many as 1.2 to 3.6 percent of patients with retinitis pigmentosa. In severe cases this disorder may progress to total retinal detachment and visual loss in the context of longstanding retinitis pigmentosa. Forty-six...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(88)90094-x
更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bilateral disk swelling and marked peripapillary and macular exudates were found on routine ophthalmologic examination in a 12 1/2-year-old girl. Eleven months later, with persistent findings, her blood pressure was found to be extremely elevated. She had an Ask-Upmark kidney, a rare form of segmental renal hypoplasia...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(97)00016-7
更新日期：1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Retinitis pigmentosa is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary disorders in which there is progressive loss of photoreceptor and pigment epithelial function. The prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa is between 1/3000 and 1/5000 making it one of the most common causes of visual impairment in all a...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(88)90085-9
更新日期：1988-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cortical/cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is the most frequent cause of pediatric visual impairment in developed countries and is increasing in prevalence in developing nations. The most common underlying etiology is hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, particularly in premature children. Other causes include seizures, hy...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.03.001
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The light and electron microscopic findings are reviewed in two patients who had eyes enucleated for peripheral choroidal malignant melanomas. Preoperatively, cystoid macular edema was documented by fluorescein angiography in the melanoma-containing eye in both patients. Intracytoplasmic swelling (edema) of the Müller...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(84)90233-9
更新日期：1984-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is generally accepted that postoperatively radiographic examinations be limited to the area of pathology. The patient presented here complained of visual difficulties two years after transphenoidal removal of a pituitary prolactinoma. His endocrinologist ordered what he believed to be the appropriate computed tomog...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(85)90090-6
更新日期：1985-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A common detection and classification system is needed for epidemiologic studies of age-related maculopathy (ARM). Such a grading scheme for ARM is described in this paper. ARM is defined as a degenerative disorder in persons > or = 50 years of age characterized on grading of color fundus transparencies by the presenc...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(05)80092-x
更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pseudoxanthoma elasticum is an autosomally inherited disorder that is associated with the accumulation of mineralized and fragmented elastic fibers in the skin, Bruch's membrane in the retina, and vessel walls. The ophthalmic and dermatologic expression of pseudoxanthoma elasticum and its vascular complications are he...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(03)00053-5
更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00
