Abstract:
:This paper presents evidence derived from the selective use of codons in ca. 40 eukaryotic genes (or messages derived from them) that codon usage is one of the most conserved features of messages for specific cell products. The theory has been developed by several investigations that the kinds of products of many if not most kinds of differentiated cells is determined by the pattern of translation abilities each cell possesses as it differentiates. A correllary of this thesis is that the groups of code words used for products of specific cell types, INDEPENDENTLY OF THE SPECIES INVOLVED, should exclude specific kinds of code words in one cell type and not another. To test this thesis, the specific frequency of codon usage and non-usage has been collated from the recently published literature and subjected to appropriate computer analysis. We find that: (1) certain codons are not used at all in any message for globins; (2) the pattern of codon usage is characteristic of specific products from specific embryonic derivatives, e.g. erythrocytes; (3) that certain code words are discriminated against generally in nearly all vertebrate cell messages evaluated; and (4) that the cell type from which a message is derived can be identified, at least in the case of 9 globin messages derived from species separated by millions of generations, purely on the basis of codon usage. From these studies it can be inferred that some evolutionary factor prevents the use of "forbidden" code words in specific kinds of cells. We propose that this factor derives from the fact that a "silent" mutation to a code word which is untranslatable by a differentiated cell will be lethal in the homozygous condition and that the thesis that so-called "codon restriction" is an important determinative factor in limiting what differentiating cells can synthesize in many kinds of developing cells explains the available evidence more adequately than alternative theories.
journal_name
Mech Ageing Devjournal_title
Mechanisms of ageing and developmentauthors
Strehler B,North Ddoi
10.1016/0047-6374(82)90034-3subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1982-04-01 00:00:00pages
285-313issue
4eissn
0047-6374issn
1872-6216pii
0047-6374(82)90034-3journal_volume
18pub_type
杂志文章abstract::To examine the effect of an aging environment on sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction, Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells were introduced into young and old C57BL/6J mice. Background SCE levels were not significantly different in either EAT cell or normal bone marrow cell populations between young and old animals....
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0047-6374(81)90051-8
更新日期:1981-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies show that cellular and mitochondrial iron increases with age. Iron overload, especially in mitochondria, increases the availability of redox-active iron, which may be a causal factor in the extensive age-related biomolecular oxidative damage observed in aged organisms. Such damage is thought to play a m...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mad.2010.04.007
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The basic genetic defect in the Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (progeria), a premature aging syndrome, is unknown. To investigate possible defects in hyaluronic acid (HA) metabolism in this disease, the urinary excretion of HA was studied. Urine specimens from 11 patients with this disorder were examined for HA ...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0047-6374(86)90064-3
更新日期:1986-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is now strong evidence implicating the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the corresponding response to oxidative stress as key factors in the pathogenesis of several human diseases including cancer, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative disorders, and in ageing. The carcinogenicity of oxidative st...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mad.2006.01.021
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tumor cells express NADPH oxidase-1 (NOX1) in their membrane and control NOX1-based intercellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS)-dependent apoptosis-inducing signaling through membrane-associated catalase and superoxide dismutase. TREATMENT:of tumor cells with high concentrations of H2O2, peroxnitrite...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mad.2017.11.005
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A population of 291 healthy North American Black subjects of different ages was studied for immunoglobulin (Ig) allotypes and the prevalence of autoantibodies, to determine possible associations between Ig allotypes and age, autoantibodies and age, and Ig allotypes and autoantibodies. Indirect immunofluorescence was u...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0047-6374(82)90002-1
更新日期:1982-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lymphatic lipid transport in the intestine of adult and ageing rats was compared. Adult (8-10 months old) and old (24-26 months old) male Wistar rats were cannulated into the mesenteric lymph under ethrane anesthesia. On the following day, lipid emulsion containing 35.4 mg/h of olive oil was infused intraduodenally fo...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(99)00110-4
更新日期:2000-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::Replicative senescence in human diploid fibroblasts is characterised by an exhaustion of proliferative potential and permanent cell cycle arrest. During senescence, telomere shortening-generated DNA damage activates p53 pathway that upregulates cell cycle inhibitors, such as p21. Human p400 ATPase is a chromatin remod...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mad.2012.11.001
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Age related changes in some aspects of glutamate metabolism were followed in the brain of a short lived species of tropical murrel, Channa punctatus. Both ammonia and glutamine contents of brain increased with advancing age of the murrel. The glutamate dehydrogenase activity of brain increased during maturation phase ...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0047-6374(93)90139-i
更新日期:1993-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Healthy elderly (80+/-5 years) with different nutritional status were compared to young healthy adults (25+/-5 years) to quantify the relative influences of aging and nutrition on immune response. Aged persons, without alteration of their nutritional status, had lower CD3+, CD8+, and CD45RA+ as well as higher CD2+CD3-...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(98)00047-5
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glutathione transferases (GSTs; EC. 2.1.5.18) activity was measured in maternal liver and conceptal tissues during gestation. In maternal liver, maximum activity was found at gestational day (GD) 9 after which it slowly decreased up to the end of gestation. The placental GSTs activity at GD18 was three times lower tha...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0047-6374(94)01516-o
更新日期:1995-01-31 00:00:00
abstract::T cell activation involves events at the plasma membrane; therefore, molecules such as long chain omega-3 fatty acids that alter the structure of the plasma membrane may affect the activation of aged T cells. In this project we investigated whether the incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids (from fish oil), in the prese...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0047-6374(94)90079-5
更新日期:1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentrations were measured by RIA in the media of confluent monolayer cultures of rat articular chondrocyte (RAC) exposed to fetal calf serum (FCS) and several growth factors and cytokines. The cells were obtained from 1- and 18-month-old rats. First passage cells were starved in Dulbecco's m...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(99)00117-7
更新日期:2000-02-22 00:00:00
abstract::DNA-repair capacity, by incorporation in vitro of [3H]thymidine into DNA of isolated neuronal cells and splenic lymphocytes of rat was studied as a function of age. The incubations were carried out both in the presence and absence of hydroxyurea (HU), a known inhibitor of replicative DNA synthesis. The results indicat...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0047-6374(91)90053-3
更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using a recently developed procedure, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, to determine body composition in rats as a function of aging. Results were obtained that were consistent with previous findings for male rats. ...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0047-6374(93)90043-q
更新日期:1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Following a 3 hour in vivo labelling of cytoplasmic RNA in rat liver with orotic acid-6-14C under conditions where ribosomal RNA synthesis was suppressed, the proportion of labelled messenger-like RNA released to the cytoplasm which contained polyadenylate (poly(A)) tracts was about 3.0 times higher in the livers of j...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0047-6374(77)90026-4
更新日期:1977-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lipofuscin accumulation in cultured rat myocardial cells is considered an index of intra-lysosomal oxidative reactions and was registered by autofluorescence measurements. Lipofuscinogenesis in secondary lysosomes is thought to be a consequence of Fenton reactions, and is much enhanced by oxidative stress obtained by ...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0047-6374(94)01569-8
更新日期:1995-06-09 00:00:00
abstract::Considerable evidence points to an accumulation of somatic mutations in older cells and organisms but the causal role of mutations in the ageing process is still unclear. In addition to demonstrating that mutations accumulate, it is important to address the question of whether they do so at a sufficient rate and with ...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(02)00177-x
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The risk for developing colorectal cancer increases exponentially with age. We demonstrate that spontaneous loss of folate in the colon results in DNA damage accumulation and aberrant DNA damage responses that may contribute to the increased genomic instability and cancer risk in colon. We find greater than 2-fold cha...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mad.2012.01.003
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Age-dependent renal damage is influenced by genetic background and the Fisher344xBrown Norway (F344xBN) rat is resistant to glomerular injury. In vulnerable strains, a fall in renal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) contributes to age-dependent renal damage. Here, we investigated renal NOS in young (3 months) and old (30 mo...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mad.2010.10.004
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many molecular chaperones are also known as heat shock proteins because they are synthesised in increased amounts after brief exposure of cells to elevated temperatures. They have many cellular functions and are involved in the folding of nascent proteins, the re-folding of denatured proteins, the prevention of protei...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mad.2004.09.031
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hormone responsiveness is mediated by signal transduction mechanisms involving second messengers, such as cAMP and Ca2+, which regulate reversible changes in the phosphorylation state of proteins. During senescence individuals frequently exhibit a diminished responsiveness to hormones. We examined changes in enzymes i...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0047-6374(88)90125-x
更新日期:1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A major cause of ageing is thought to be the accumulation of damage to macromolecules. Accumulation to DNA damage in cells therefore presupposes that aged cells are unable to repair this damage. We have used the in vitro model of cellular ageing to test the idea that senescent cells are deficient in some aspect of DNA...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mad.2004.12.002
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Restriction of food intake extends lifespan in evolutionarily diverse organisms, including mammals. Dietary restriction (DR) also delays the appearance of ageing-related damage and pathology and keeps organisms in a youthful state for longer. DR has hence been suggested to lower the rate of ageing. Analysis of mortali...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mad.2004.09.017
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Detailed structural, mutational, and biochemical analyses of human FEN1/DNA complexes have revealed the mechanism for recognition of 5' flaps formed during lagging strand replication and DNA repair. FEN1 processes 5' flaps through a previously unknown, but structurally elegant double-stranded (ds) recognition/single s...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mad.2011.11.009
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Activity of (Na+,K+)ATP-ase measured by means of influx of 86Rb was compared in lymphocytes from young, middle-age and old people. It was found that the (sensitive to ouabain) activity of (Na+,K+)ATPase was significantly diminished in the lymphocytes from aged subjects. ...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0047-6374(85)90105-8
更新日期:1985-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Longevity regulatory genes include the Forkhead transcription factor FOXO, in addition to NAD-dependent histone deacetylase silent information regulator 2 (Sir2). The FOXO/DAF-16 family of transcription factors constitute an evolutionarily conserved subgroup within a larger family known as winged helix or Forkhead tra...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mad.2004.09.021
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The identification of predictive markers of life span would help to unravel the underlying mechanisms influencing ageing and longevity. For this aim, 30 variables including immune functions, inflammatory-oxidative stress state and behavioural characteristics were investigated in ICR-CD1 female mice at the adult age (N...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mad.2019.111125
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is generally accepted that free-radical induced blood lipid peroxidation and especially peroxidized LDL play a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular disease. Moreover, recent research highlights the key contribution of apolipoprotein B (apo B) to atherogenesis as the main in...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(00)00169-x
更新日期:2000-10-20 00:00:00
abstract::DNA damage and mutations have been implicated as key causal events in the biological process of aging. In this context, it has been hypothesized that the complex of genome maintenance systems acts as a longevity assurance system by signaling and repairing damage or removing cells that are beyond repair. In the past, v...
journal_title:Mechanisms of ageing and development
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mad.2008.02.009
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00